ANTARCTIC LAND OF VICTORIA—ZIMMERMANN. 885 
That of Cape Jones (78° 30’ latitude south, 170° 30’ longitude east 
from Greenwich) may be taken as the type. Of the same general 
class are Cape MacCormick (72° latitude south) ; Mount Brewster, 
900 meters; Mount Melbourne, 2,540 meters; Mount Evans and, 
finally, the twin cones of Mount Morning, 1,760 meters; and of Mount 
Discovery, 2,770 meters, adjoining the Royal Society Range. It is to 
be noted that there are no cones between Cape Washington and Cape 
Bernacchi, over a distance of 3 degrees of latitude, and that this gap 
accords with the disappearance of the zone of gneissic hill constitut- 
ing the foreland of the mountains. The mighty chain of the Admi- 
ralty to the north of Mount Melbourne is, in its turn, preceded by 
a coast uniformly constituted of basalts and tuffs, of which the prin- 
cipal type known is the promontory of Cape Adair, now celebrated 
because there was witnessed the first landing upon the Antarctic Con- 
tinent. This abrupt basaltic coast appears to extend without inter- 
ruption, with altitudes of from 300 to 600 meters, between Cape Adair 
and Cape Jones. 
Beside these cones and coulées of basalt, Ross Sea is besprinkled 
by a series of archipelagoes and volcanic islands, sometimes notably 
distant from the shore, as is the case with Franklin Isle (76° lati- 
tude south) and Ross Island. These succeed each other from north 
to south, Coulman Isle, the Possession Isles, Franklin Isles, and 
Beaufort Isle, and, finally, Ross’s Archipelago. The group has been 
studied close at hand by the Discovery, the winter quarters of which 
were situated at the south point of Ross Island. 
It is in Ross Island that rear themselves the two famous cones 
Erebus (3,938 meters) and Terror (3,278 meters), discovered in 1842 
by Ross. Mount Erebus was then in eruption and was emitting 
flames and smoke in abundance. During the two years’ sojourn of 
the expedition of the Discovery, the cone was covered with a per- 
fectly white blanket of snow from base to summit and but little 
smoke was seen issuing from it. The observers of the Discovery 
have reported that two other cones contribute to the form of Ross 
Island to which they give a triangular outline, Mount Terra Nova 
and Mount Bird. The island, situated between 77° 9’ and 77° 49’ 
south latitude, is about 80 kilometers on each side; the diameter of 
each of the grand volcanoes is about 35 kilometers. The soundings 
made in the waters that bathe the island have revealed the curious 
fact that the depth is greater near the shore than toward the open 
sea. It is impossible to determine whether this increase of depth, 
with marked decrease on the side of the open sea, results from the 
additional weight imposed upon the crust by the colossal accumula- 
tions of material or from a depression due to the vacuums which 
are produced in the depth. The contours of Mount Erebus, the 
appearance of which on the whole is very massive, indicate three 
