ANTARCTIC LAND OF VICTORIA—ZIMMERMANN. 851 
Land or of Ross Barrier. This fauna is distributed in a fairly 
uniform fashion over the whole circumference of Antarctide. One 
shght difference separates the population of birds or of seals which 
animate the American antarctic lands explored by De Gerlache, 
Nordenskjéld, Charcot, and Bruce from the dominant species of 
Victoria Land. Thus, Charcot and Racovitza point out the Manchot 
papou as very abundant in the north of Graham Land, while they 
have not seen, or very rarely observed, the Imperial Manchot 
(A ptenodytes Forstert). The Manchot d’Adele (Pygoscelis Ade- 
_lUie), on the other hand, appears in great number over all the ex- 
plored region of Antarctide, in spite of the immense area of disper- 
sion which this fact implies. This is a condition which is not new 
in polar geography; the number of species is small, but the area of 
distribution vast, and the number of individuals considerable. 
The particular work of the Discovery, thanks to the talents of ob- 
servation of Dr. E. A. Wilson and to the aid which Messrs. Royds 
and Skelton, among others, lent him, seems to us to have been above 
all to determine the zones of habitat, the habits and the manner of 
feeding of the principal antarctic mammiferes and birds. One can 
henceforth, it seems, distinguish three successive zones. 
First, the free zone of the South Ocean, to the north of the pack 
ice; there reign sea birds with tireless wings, and unterrified by the 
tempest, belonging to the petrel or albatross family, from the great 
albatross and the black albatross to the cape pigeon and the gray 
“ Fulmar ” of the south. In the Magellan Isles or in the archipelago 
of the South Ocean (Macquarie Islands visited by the Discovery, 
Auckland, Campbell, etc.), flourish the king penguin (A ptenodytes 
patagonica), the “royal penguin” (Catarrhactes Schlegeli), and 
divers seals of the genus Otarie, Hooker’s sea hon (Arctocephalus 
Hookeri), and the sea elephant (J/acrorhinus leoninus), a gigantic 
species which attains a length of 6 to 9 meters but which the whalers 
have almost exterminated. A sea elephant, apparently a stray, was 
taken by the expedition in Ross Sea. 
The -pack ice, 300 kilometers wide, which separates the South 
Ocean from Ross Sea, marks the entrance upon the scene of new 
animal associations. The pack is never deserted. On the contrary, 
it is the place of assembly of species, attracted by the rich fauna of 
fish, of cephalopods, of Crustacea, which swarm in its openings, while 
great voracious whales live at the expense of the hunters themselves. 
It is the zone, says Doctor Wilson, where the naturalist must ever be 
on his guard, day and night; if he lose an occasion, many species will 
never again present themselves to his notice in the south. The ice 
pack is, moreover, a place where they may in security frolic and bask 
in the sunshine. There appear the snow petrel (Pagodroma nivea) 
in molting plumage, the great petrel (Ossifraga gigantea), the 
