386 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909. 
hard to exaggerate their importance. In many places they did the 
work of bullock transport and carriers, which were impossible to 
obtain; and it must be remembered that it was necessary at times to 
support a large number of followers, sometimes 200 in number, who 
had to be paid and fed. For this purpose a great amount of trade 
goods were carried, besides provisions, survey instruments, and photo- 
graphic apparatus. ; 
The expedition left England on February 27, 1904, and arrived 
at Lokoja on March 24. There it organized and went to Ibi, our 
first base for the survey work which was to triangulate through the 
country north to Bauchi and connect that place with our subsequent 
work in Bornu. The survey party traveled by way of the Murchison 
Range and passed through the country of the Montoils and Yergums, 
pagan cannibals who inhabit the hills. The early state of their civil- 
ization is shown by the fact that they have not yet evolved as far 
as the village stage; each hamlet is against each other, each village 
-against the next, and each tribe against its neighbor; the stronger 
prey upon the weaker, with the result that the former inhabitants 
have been driven right up to the peaks of the range, where they now 
lead a precarious existence. They are very hostile to one another, 
and are continually raiding their supplanters below to get captives. 
Tt was astonishing to see how these pagans had irrigated and culti- 
vated their fields, and taken advantage of every available patch of 
soil on the hillsides. At this point progress was checked by both 
members of the survey falling ill, which necessitated their traveling 
to Wase, where there is a post. Here I might mention the Wase 
rock, an immense mass of igneous rock rising sheer out of the plain. 
Tt is about 600 feet high, and was probably the tube of a volcano, of 
which all the rest have been denuded away. 
Having recovered their health, the party proceeded into the Angoss 
country past Mount Madong. The country was hilly, with numbers 
of isolated rocks like that of Wase. In these parts they came across 
an extraordinary amount of mica; the path followed shown with it 
like silver, and on either hand there were great sheets of it. Beyond 
the Madong Mountains to the northwest lay a magnificent range with 
peaks 5,000 feet high. This has been named the Claud Mountains 
in memory of my brother. 
From Bauchi the work of triangulation was carried into the 
unexplored and interesting country of the Kerri-Kerris. It is only 
necessary to describe the towns of Gamari and Lewe, as they will 
be found typical of all the rest. Amid an alluvial plain rises a huge 
circular mass of chalk with precipitous cliffs stretching sheer up on 
every side. At the top, 300 to 500 feet above the plain, the mass forms 
an absolutely level plateau, crowded with villages. In the midst of 
the plateau again rises a very steep peak of ironstone or laterite, 
