422 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909. 
“Attica still possessed giraffes and other ruminants related to them, 
which Gaudry, haunted by the poetry of ancient Hellas, called 
Helidotherium—superb creatures, which were thought to have dis- 
appeared forever, but which came to light again, scarcely modified, 
some years ago in the pasture lands of the Congo.” (FF. Perrier.) 
The large mammals comprise an edentate with hooked fingers 
(Ancylotherium), two mastodons, a carnivore with large canine teeth 
(Machairodus), and finally the enormous Dinotherium. With these 
forms we remark also the Chalicotherium, the wild boar of Eryman- 
thus, the Amalthean goat (Z'ragocerus amaltheus), and, among the 
birds and reptiles, the cock of Esculapius, the crane of Mount Pen- 
telicus, the tortoise of the marbles, ete. 
All these animals were terrestrial and the deposit of Pikermi 
represents a torrential deposit. In the epoch in which lived the fauna 
of which we have spoken, Greece was united to Africa by a broad 
area and the climate was similar to that of the latter. It was not 
_ until much later that the separation of the two countries took place. 
The animals buried in the ravines of Pikermi were swept into this 
place by the water-courses of the age, bordered by a vegetation still 
African. 
The other conclusions drawn by Gaudry from the study of this 
fauna were more remarkable, and it is of these especially that we 
wish to speak. 
Gaudry was not, indeed, content with carefully describing all these 
interesting forms, as were his contemporaries. In pointing out the 
differences which separated them from known forms, he was led to 
consider the resemblances which they showed to other extinct forms 
or to living forms. 
He sought the bonds, the relationships, which united the ancient 
organisms to one another and to living forms. It was these relation- 
ships, these bonds, established by his intellect, which determined his 
philosophy, which constituted the novelty, the originsi'ty, and the 
greatness of his work. These are the ideas which bring valuable sup- 
port to the transformist doctrine. 
After having demonstrated that the fauna a Pikermi belonged 
to the Upper Miocene age, M. Gaudry showed that there is something 
more fundamental than the apparent variety of faunas. It is the 
unity of plan which binds them together. 
Among the examples cited by our author are the following: “ The 
monkeys of Pikermi (Semnopithecus pentelict) are intermediate be- 
tween the macaques and the Semnopitheci. They resemble the former 
in their limbs and the latter in their skull. The carnivore called 
Simocyon has the canine teeth of a cat, the premolars and carnassial 
teeth of a dog, while the form of its mandible and of its tubercular 
molars allies it to the bears. With Amphicyon, Hemicyon, and 
