516 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909. 
ground or hedge sparrow.” Barton, in his Fragments, speaks of this 
species’ name in New York as “the shepherd” (Fragments, 15). 
Our modern “ cardinal” is undoubtedly of French origin. Catesby 
gives it its English title of “red bird” and also “Le Cardinal” (1, 
38). It is “the red bird or Virginia nightingale” of Bartram and 
other early writers. Catesby figures Guzraca cerulea as “the blew 
grosbeak” (I, 39). “ Rose-breasted ” (Wilson) may be traced to 
Le Rose Gorge of Buffon and “ red-breasted grosbeak ” of Pennant. 
Passerina cyanea is “ the blew linnet ” of Catesby (I, 45), who further 
alludes to it as the “indigo bird of Americans.” The “ painted 
finch ” (P. ciris) is so called by Catesby, and Bartram likewise adds 
its other title of “nonpariel.” “Lazuli” was bestowed upon P. 
amena by Say (Long’s Exp., I, 47, 1823). 
Pennant first uses the name “ black-throated bunting” for Spiza 
americana, but Bartram mentions this species under the title “ Ca- 
landra pratensis, the May bird” (Travels, 291). “ Dickcissel,” its 
modern name, appears to have originated through Mr. Robert Ridg- 
way from Middle West localities (Coues, Birds of the North West, 
166). Wilson borrowed the term “ sharp-tailed ” for Ammodramus 
caudacutus from Turton (Syst., 562). “ Lark,” as applied to two 
species of Fringillide—Chondestes grammacus and Calamospiza 
melanocorys—was bestowed upon these different birds, in the one 
case by Say and in the other by Townsend, in view of their lark-like 
appearance and habits. 
Among the warblers we have a host of color names. “ Mourning 
warbler ” we owe to its discoverer, Wilson. ‘The summer warbler or 
“ yellow warbler ” (Dendroica aestiva) was “ the yellow titmouse ” of 
Catesby (I, 63), “the summer yellow bird” of Bartram, the “ yel- 
low poll” of Latham and Pennant and the “blue-eyed yellow 
warbler ” of Wilson. Say first described the orange-crowned warbler 
(Helminthophila celata) (Long’s Exp., 1823). M/niotilta varia was 
the “black and white creeper” of Edwards (Glean., VI, received 
from Bartram who gave it itsname). In his Travels Bartram calls it 
the “blue and white.striped or pied creeper” (p. 289). Of the pro- 
thonotary warbler Pennant (Arct. Zo6l., II, 30) says: “ Inhabits 
Louisiana. Called there le Protonotaria; but the reason has not 
reached us.” Probably in allusion to the vestures of that office. 
Many species of warblers were earlier known by the various names of 
“ flycatcher,” “titmouse,” and “ creeper,” according to their peculiar 
habits, the specific vernacular being mainly in relation to color. 
Dendroica cerulescens was the “ blue flycatcher ” of Edwards (Glean., 
pl. 252, received from Bartram); the “ black-throat ” of Pennant 
(Arct. Zool., II, 285) ; the “ black-throated warbler ” of Latham, and 
the “ black-throated blue warbler ” as first applied by Wilson. Wil- 
son first named the “ caerulean warbler.” The “ black poll warbler ” 
