ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE—MACCURDY. 539 
Each layer varies in thickness from 10 centimeters to 30 or 40 centi- 
meters. In section the thicker parts appear like nests and are marked 
by the presence of hearths. About these hearths are found bones and 
stone implements in large numbers. ‘These artifacts and bones are not 
confined to the culture layers only, but here and there occur in the 
alternating layers. Seven meters below the lowest culture layer, and 
about 3 meters above loess bottom, there were found a hornstone 
chip with traces of utilization (possibly an eolith) and a fragment of 
bone. 
The lowest (first) culture-bearing layer is characterized by a very 
crude industry made of materials not utilized in the upper layers. 
Charcoal and a few bone fragments also occur. Fauna: Reindeer and 
bison. 
Second layer: Varieties of quartz and jasper; also Danube River 
stone used as hammer-stones, a poor quality of flint, and incomplete 
examples of the lower Aurignacian type. Fauna: Reindeer, bison, 
wolf. 
Third layer: Industry similar to that of second layer in respect to 
forms as well as the kinds of materials used, and characterized by the 
appearance of the keel-shaped scraper. 
Fourth layer: Abundance of small keel-shaped scrapers, whitish- 
gray patinated hornstone; bone points, both blunt and sharp; a stag 
antler with end hollowed out for insertion of a stone implement. 
Fauna: Mammoth, reindeer, stag. 
Fifth layer: Rich in well-fashioned hornstone implements. Es- 
pecially noteworthy are the hornstone points (& tranchant rabattu). 
Fauna: Mammoth, reindeer, stag. 
Sixth, seventh, and eighth layers: Hornstone points (4 tranchant 
rabattu). In the seventh layer an Aurignacian bone point with cleft 
base. Appearance of the forerunners of the Solutréan laurel-leaf 
point, pieces of reindeer horn that served as haftings for stone imple- 
ments. Fauna: Mammoth, horse, reindeer, cave lion, wolf. 
Ninth layer: Rich and beautiful stone industry of the upper 
Aurignacian types. Points with lateral notch at the base. The most 
important piece of all was a female statuette of stone—the so-called 
Venus of Willendorf (pl. 2, fig. a). The piece was found in the 
yellow loess 25 centimeters below a charcoal stratum belonging to the 
ninth layer and near a hearth of this layer. Szombathy, Bayer, and 
Obermaier were all present when the discovery was made. The 
figure is 11 centimeters high and complete in every respect. It is 
carved from fine porous odlitic limestone. Some of the red color with 
which it was painted still adheres to it. It represents a fat pregnant 
woman with large pendent mamme and large hips, but no real 
steatopygy. It corresponds closely in form to the Venus of Bras- 
sempouy, an ivory figurine of Aurignacian age from the grotte du 
