ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE—MACCURDY. 541 
and the neolithic above. This is the sort of evidence on which the 
science of prehistoric European archeology rests. 
CAVERNS AND ROCK-SHELTERS. 
Turning to the paleolithic caverns and rock-shelters, we find con- 
_firmatory evidence, although there is no direct stratigraphic rela- 
tion between the superimposed cavern deposits and those of the 
river valleys. The chasm, we believe, is safely bridged, however, 
by the combined evidence of faunal and industrial remains. The 
results accumulated in the past decade of cavern exploration have 
been even more remarkable than those due to the investigation of 
valley sites. Like the researches of Commont at Saint-Acheul, much 
time has been given by cavern explorers to regions and even stations 
already well known. As examples there may be cited the caverns of 
Grimaldi, Le Moustier (Dordogne), and Altamira, Spain. 
Rock-shelters and caves seem to have been employed as habitations 
before the close of the Acheulian epoch and continued to be so used 
thereafter throughout the paleolithic. A study of their floor de- 
posits reveals a succession of culture levels corresponding to those 
found in valley deposits and classed as upper paleolithic. 
The rock-shelter of La Quina (Charente), already mentioned, 
deserves more than a passing notice. Known since 1872 and often 
visited by archeologists bent on increasing their collections, La Quina 
came into the possession of Dr. Henri Martin in 1905, since which 
time he, with the help of friends, including M. Louis Giraux,* has 
carried on excavations that have led to important results. 
Beginning at the bottom the section is composed of the following: 
(1) Alluvial sands deposited by the Voultron, a tributary of the 
Gironde, at the summit of which are found certain elements of an in- 
dustry with Acheulian facies; (2) two clay deposits, the lower sandy 
and of a greenish tint, the upper dark. The contact between these 
is the so-called couche 4 ossements utilisés, which is also rich in a 
pure Mousterian stone industry; (3) a barren layer formed by débris 
from the one-time overhanging cliff; (4) vegetal earth. 
Particular attention is called to the utilized bones, a subject treated 
in part 1 of a quarto memoir in preparation by Doctor Martin.® 
The traces of utilization are bunched incisions usually nearly trans- 
verse to the long axis of the bone. The bones and parts of bone thus 
marked belong to five categories: (1) The lower extremity of the 
humerus of the horse and certain bovide; (2) the first phalanx of 
“The Yale University Museum is indebted to M. Giraux for a gift collection 
from La Quina, comprising stone industry as well as utilized bones. 
’ Recherches sur l’évolution du Moustérien dans le gisement de La Quina 
(Charente). 1° fase.: Ossements utilisés. In 4°, Schleicher Fréres, 1907. 
