556 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909. 
exposure, 1s dry and habitable. Font-de-Gaume was never a place 
of residence, as is indicated by the absence of floor deposits. About 
the only objects found there are a few broken gravers with edges 
dulled in executing the wall engravings, a few pieces of ochre and 
manganese and one handsome ochre pencil. Why should the artists 
make residence of a dark subterranean cavern, when by going a short 
distance they could have an ample shallow cave or rock-shelter fac- 
ing the south and warmed and lighted by the sun? Such a shelter 
is Les Eyzies, and the enormous quantities of refuse taken from its 
floor at various periods testify to its use as a place of habitation by 
generation after generation. 
The rock-shelter of Les Kyzies has furnished unusually large 
quantities of ochre of various tints. Most of the pieces have been 
scraped to produce a colored powder which was mixed with grease 
or some liquid, thus forming a paint. In order to pulverize and 
thoroughly mix the coloring matter, mortars were used. An inter- 
esting series of these mortars from Les Eyzies forms a part of the 
famous Christy collection in the British Museum. Very few mortars 
have been found in neighboring stations. Besides, ochre pencils ex- 
actly like the one from Font-de-Gaume have been found in the rock- 
shelter of Les Eyzies. Sometimes a flat piece of ochre is cut in the 
form of a triangle, each angle serving in turn as a pencil point. 
Some of these pencils are perforated to be suspended, and might 
well be supposed to form a part of the outfit of the artists who drew 
in color figures such as that of the two-horned rhinoceros previously 
mentioned. 
It may be that the artists who made their home at Les Eyzies 
decorated its walls also. Exposure would have obliterated these 
decorations long ago, as it did those at La Gréze, which were not pro- 
tected by the floor deposits. Lucky it was for present-day lovers 
of art and archeology that their troglodyte forebears had the good 
sense to seek at Font-de-Gaume a more permanent gallery for their 
masterpieces. 
The cavern of La Calévie belongs in the Vézére group and is situ- 
ated on the left side of the Petite Beune, some 500 meters below 
Bernifal. The cavern, which has two entrances, is 15 meters wide by 
7 or 8 meters deep. Near the entrance are two engraved figures of 
the horse, one of them recalling the work at Les Combarelles. As 
the latter is Magdalenian, this is probably Magdalenian also. The 
other is in the style of Pair-non-Pair, which is well dated, because 
there the upper Aurignacian floor deposits cover the mural figures. 
The rock shelter of La Gréze is only 6 kilometers above Les Eyzies, 
on the right bank of the main fork of the Beune. Fortunately some 
of its wall engravings have been protected by the floor deposits. As 
the latter contain an industry of Solutréan age, both the authenticity 
