ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE—MACCURDY. Sy bl 
projects 12 millimeters beyond the third molar, while the average for 
the males is 8.6 millimeters. Respecting the series of lower jaws, I 
quote from my paper read in 1902: “ The third molar is generally sit- 
uated well in front of the ascending ramus of the lower jaw, when the 
jaw is so held as to bring the anterior margins of the rami in a line 
with the eye. With the jaw held in this position, the entire crown 
of the third molar can be seen in 13 out of a total of 18 cases.” 
The crowns of the teeth in the Mauer specimen are worn enough 
to show the dentine, proof that the individual had reached the adult 
stage. All the molars, except the third left, have five cusps. The 
tendency in recent man is toward a four-cusp type for the third 
molar, if indeed there be a third molar. The breaking away of the 
crowns of four teeth on the left side tended to facilitate the study of 
the pulp cavities and the walls. This study reveals the fact that the 
dentition of Homo heidelbergensis represents a youthful stage in the 
dentition of the modern European. That is to say, in the ontogeny 
of the latter, a stage representing adult dental characters when the 
race was young is now reached at the age of from 9 to 14 years. 
This is not an anthropoid character, but a primitive human char- 
acter—another reason for leaving the anthropoids to one side in our 
search for the ancestral form and the origin of genus //omo. 
A study of the corpus and ramus mandibule reveals at once a 
number of points of divergence from the modern European. The 
body is massive, and relatively long in proportion to the bicondylar 
breadth, its greatest height being in the region of the first and second 
molars. The basis mandibule, if apphed to a plane, touches only on 
either side of the symphysis and near the angulus, forming three gen- 
tle arches—one median and short, called by Klaatsch incisura sub- 
mentalis; and two lateral and long, to which might be given the name 
incisura basilaris. The latter is seen to good advantage also in the 
chimpanzee. 
The ramus is characterized by unusual breadth, 60 millimeters as 
opposed to an average of 37 for recent examples. The angle formed 
by lines tangent to the basis and the posterior border of the ramus 
is 107°—smaller than the average. The processus coronoideus is 
exceedingly blunt, and the incisura mandibule correspondingly shal- 
low. The condyloid process is noteworthy on account of the extent 
of articular surface, due to an increased antero-posterior diameter 
(13 and 16 millimeters), since the transverse diameter is relatively 
short. The neck constriction is very sligl t, approaching in this 
respect the anthropoid forms. 
The first fossil lower jaw to attract world-wide attention on ac- 
count of its primitive characters and association with remains of 
