572 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909. 
the mammoth and rhinoceros, was that found in 1866 by Dupont in 
the cavern of La Naulette, valley of the Lesse, Belgium. It was 
only a fragment, but enough remained to demonstrate the complete 
absence of chin and the nature of the dentition. Its kinship with 
the man of Neanderthal, whose lower jaw could not be found, was 
evident. It tended therefore to legitimatize the latter, which 
hitherto had failed of general recognition. The fortunate associa- 
tion of skull with lower jaw came in 1886, when the remains of two 
individuals were discovered in the cavern of Spy, also in Belgium. 
In the same layer were found not only remains of the mammoth and 
the rhinoceros, but also an industry of the Mousterian type. 
Among the human remains found in 1899 by Professor Gorjanovié- 
Kramberger at Krapina, there are parts of a number of lower jaws 
that bear the same racial characters as those of La Naulette and Spy. 
They were also associated with a Mousterian industry. Instead, 
however, of the Rhinoceros tichorhinus, as at Spy, there were re- 
‘mains of Rhinoceros merckii, an older type. This may be accounted 
for by the fact that Rhinoceros merckii would persist longer in the 
south than in the north. 
That the lower jaws of La Naulette, Spy, and Krapina represent 
one and the same stage in the evolution of Homo sapiens, there is no 
longer any doubt. That this stage is intermediate between recent 
man and Homo heidelbergensis, a careful comparison of the speci- 
mens in question furnishes ample proof.¢ The lower jaw from 
Mauer is therefore pre-Neanderthaloid. That it also exhibits pre- 
anthropoid characters gives it a fundamental position in the line of 
human evolution. Doctor Schoetensack is to be congratulated on his 
rich reward for a twenty years’ vigil. 
The lower jaws of the Neanderthal, or so-called primigenius, type, 
mentioned above, were all found in cavern or rock-shelter deposits. 
These cannot be definitely correlated with river-drift and loess; 
hence we cannot measure the time that separates the man of Spy 
from Homo heidelbergensis. Judging from somatic characters 
alone, the time separating the two must have been considerable. 
The Mousterian industry which is found associated with Homo 
primigenius occurs in deposits that mark the close of the middle 
Quaternary, and also in cavern deposits corresponding to the base 
of the upper Quaternary. It belongs to the transition from the Riss 
glacial period to the Riss-Wiirm interglacial period. At Wild- 
kirchli, in the Alps, it is frankly interglacial, a station that probably 
belongs to the close of the Mousterian epoch. 
The position of the Mauer lower jaw near the bottom of the old 
diluvium, and its association with the remains of Llephas antiquus 
“Spy approximates more closely the Mauer type than does Krapina. 
