ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE—MACCURDY. 575 
is relatively short and broad. The lower jaw is remarkable for its 
size, for the antero-posterior extent of the condyles, the shallowness 
of the incisura mandibule, and the absence of chin. 
Boule estimated the capacity of the Chapelle-aux-Saints skull 
according to the formule of Manouvrier, of Lee, and of Beddoe, 
obtaining results that varied between 1,570 and 1,750 cubic centi- 
meters. By the use of millet and of shot an average capacity of 1,626 
cubic centimeters was obtained. Judging from these figures the 
capacity of the crania of Neandertal and Spy has been underesti- 
mated by Schaafthausen, Huxley, and Schwalbe. 
By its cranial capacity, therefore, the Neandertal race belongs 
easily in the class of Homo sapiens. But we must distinguish be- 
- tween relative capacity and absolute capacity. In modern man, 
where the transverse and antero-posterior diameters are the same as 
in the skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints, the vertical diameter would 
be much greater, which would increase the capacity to 1,800 cubic 
centimeters and even to 1,900 cubic centimeters. Such voluminous 
modern crania are very rare. Thus Bismarck, with horizontal cranial 
diameters scarcely greater than in the man of La Chapelle-aux- 
Saints, is said to have had a cranial capacity of 1,965 cubic centi- 
meters. 
The most remarkable thing about the astragalus is the special de- 
velopment of the articular surface for the lateral malleolus, develop- 
ment that recalls the condition in anthropoids and climbing mam- 
mals. This seems to indicate that, as among anthropoids, the foot of 
the man of La Chapelle-aux-Saints should repose on its external 
margin, also that the fibula was relatively more powerful than is the 
case among modern races. 
The calcaneum is characterized by its shortness and especially by 
the large dimensions of the lesser process (sustentaculum tali). The 
latter in its proportions resembles that in the Veddahs and in anthro- 
poids. 
During the autumn of 1909 M. D. Peyrony, of Les Eyzies, had the 
good fortune to discover human remains of Mousterian age at two 
different localities in the department of Dordogne. The first find 
was made in a small cavern at Pech de l’Azé, 5 kilometers from 
Sarlat. Here in undisturbed upper Mousterian deposits was found 
the skull of a child five or six years old. About it were the numerous 
animal bones broken artificially, the teeth of the horse, deer, rein- 
deer, and an abundance of Mousterian implements. The lower 
Mousterian deposit on which the skull rested contained fine imple- 
ments of the Acheulian type. 
M. Peyrony’s second discovery was made September 17, 1909, in the 
rock-shelter of La Ferrassie near Bugue. The section at La Fer- 
rassie comprises five archeological horizons, Acheulian, Mousterian, 
