ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE—MACCURDY. wer 
the Neandertal or Mousterian race. On the other hand, he believes 
it later developed into the Cro-Magnon and Chancelade types. 
The caverns of Grimaldi (Baoussé-Roussé), between Mentone and 
Ventimiglia and on the Italian side of the international boundary, 
form one of the most compact groups of paleolithic caverns in all 
Europe. 
Counting two small rock-shelters, the group includes nine stations, 
the most important being the Grotte des Enfants, La Barma Grande, 
Grotte du Cavillon and the Grotte du Prince. General attention was 
first called to this region many years ago by Riviére’s discovery of a 
human skeleton in the Grotte du Cavillon—the so-called homme de 
Menton, now in the Natural History Museum, Paris. Later five skele- 
tons in all were found at La Barma Grande, and two, of children, in 
the Grotte des Enfants, whence its name. 
Interest in archeology and ownership of one of the caverns (Grotte 
du Prince), led the Prince of Monaco to provide for a systematic ex- 
ploration of the Grimaldi cavern deposits hitherto undisturbed, be- 
ginning with the virgin Grotte du Prince. The work was placed in 
the hands of the Canon L. de Villeneuve, Prof. M. Boule, and Dr. R. 
Verneau. The Grotte du Prince proved to be rich in faunal remains. 
Not a single human bone was found, however, although as many as 
twenty-eight hearths were encountered. The age, therefore, of the 
skeletons previously found in the neighboring caverns still remained 
in doubt. Work was next begun (1900) in the Grotte des Enfants 
that had been only partially explored by Riviere. Here, as at the 
Grotte du Prince, the entire series of deposits was found to be 
Quaternary; the occupation of the cavern, however, is supposed to have 
begun and to have ended a little later than at the Prince’s cavern. 
The two layers at the bottom were characterized by a so-called 
warm or tropical fauna—“lephas antiquus and Rhinoceros merckii. 
All the succeeding layers contain the fauna of the reindeer. The 
explorers were rewarded by finding human remains at three distinct 
levels, all three being in the reindeer deposits. Beginning at the 
bottom, a common sepulture with an adult female and youthful 
male skeleton was encountered at a depth of 8.5 meters and resting 
directly on the deposits with the fauna of Elephas antiquus. On 
account of their accentuated negroid characters, these differ from 
all other Quaternary skeletons. To this type, which Verneau has 
called the Race de Grimaldi, attention has been called afresh by 
the Venus of Willendorf, a stone figurine recently discovered near 
Krems, Austria. 
At a level of less than a meter above the common sepulture with 
negroid remains was found a male skeleton of the Cro-Magnon 
type. The fauna of the two horizons is precisely the same, and con- 
