ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE—MACCURDY. 579 
vertebre were found in place with each cranium. The skulls of the 
females and children were accompanied by necklaces of perforated 
stag canines and shells (Planorbis). The skulls were neither burnt 
nor mutilated. 
With the possible exception of a Tardenoisian flint point, there is 
nothing in this horizon to suggest the neolithic; no ceramics, no re- 
mains of domesticated animals, although the neolithic is well repre- 
sented in the succeeding deposit. In respect to fauna and stratigra- 
phy, it is Asylian. Two typical Asylian cultural elements—flat har- 
poons of stag horn and painted pebbles—are missing, however. 
Schmidt classes the industry as Asylo-Tardenoisian. The burial cus- 
tom leans rather to the paleolithic. The use of ochre and of shell 
ornaments is common to a number of paleolithic burials: Asylian 
of Mas d’Azil; Magdalenian of Cro-Magnon, Laugerie-Basse, 
Grimaldi, and Placard; and Solutréan of Briinn (Moravia). The 
practice of burying the head alone seems to have been in vogue also at 
Gourdan, for there according to Piette one never finds any human 
bones except those of the cranium, lower jaw, and the first two or 
three cervical vertebre. 
Twenty of the Ofnet crania have been restored and are to be care- 
fully studied by Doctor Schliz, who reports a mixture of the Medi- 
terranean and the Alpine type. The Mediterranean influence on the 
physical type is not surprising, when viewed in the light of Ofnet’s 
cultural resemblances to stations in southwestern Europe. 
CONCLUSIONS. 
The first explorer, the original discoverer on a world scale, was 
primitive man. He had covered the earth before the Europeans of 
to-day set for themselves the highly interesting task of rediscovering 
it and him. After some centuries, this self-imposed, instructive, and 
pleasure-giving problem is nearly solved. Superficially, at least, the 
earth has been compassed, the blank spots on the world map of to-day 
being few and comparatively small. 
The conquest, however, has been largely one of two dimensions. 
Now that it is nearly over, we are left all the more free to focus the 
attention on a whole series of antecedent worlds. This is what 
Europe is at present doing. She is now bent on discovering the pre- 
historic worlds beneath her very feet. She has found that man’s 
occupation of the earth has not only length and breadth, but also 
depth, and therefore admits of measurement in three dimensions in- 
stead of two. Surely here is more work for the pathfinder. That 
success will attend his labors, the discoveries of the past decade offer 
ample proof. 
This survey of recent progress is made first of all from the stand- 
point of chronology. In the second place the evidence of man’s 
antiquity has been arranged under three categories, derived respec- 
