ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE—MACCURDY. 581 
tively from (1) valley deposits, (2) caverns and rock-shelters, and 
(3) human skeletal remains. 
The older paleolithic horizons, the Strépyan, Chellean, and Acheu- 
lian are to be found in valley deposits beginning with the middle 
Quaternary. The younger paleolithic horizons are quite generally 
thought of as being restricted to caverns and rock-shelters. Thanks 
to the results of recent researches, such a view is no longer tenable. 
With a higher degree of precision and differentiation there is re- 
vealed the diluvial equivalents of the upper paleolithic series, Mous- 
terian, Aurignacian, Solutréan, and Magdalenian. 
As might be expected the nature of the industry in the upper 
diluvial series tallies with that of the cave deposits. Thus each 
category of finds supplements and confirms the other. The only 
regret of the archeologist is that the work of his predecessors could 
not be done over again in the light of the latest discoveries. Experi- 
mentation in any line presupposes a certain amount of waste. The 
coefficient of waste in archeological experimentation is unfortunately 
very high. The valley deposits are well-nigh inexhaustible. Much, 
therefore, may be expected of them. With caverns the case is dif- 
ferent. The supply of those still untouched is limited; the list of 
those already wholly or in part excavated is long. Think of the 
Dordogne, Grimaldi, Kent’s cavern, as once more virgin fields! The 
latter, for example, has contributed little toward a better definition 
of paleolithic chronology, yet judging from the published illustra- 
tions it contained practically every type of industry from the Acheu- 
han to and including the Magdalenian. 
In paleolithic studies the chief elements of control are stratigraphy, 
technology, and paleontology. These are all given a place in the 
table of relative chronology. Perhaps no better summary of the 
bearing of stratigraphy on the question of paleolithic man could be 
chosen than a composite section of nonmarine Quaternary deposits 
as they occur in the Paris Basin and in Belgium. I have chosen 
Rutot’s combination of the three sections: Saint-Acheul (Somme), 
exploitation Helin at Spiennes, near Mons, and the Thiarmont quarry 
at Ecaussines, between Brussels and Mons (fig. 20). The section 
shows the stratigraphic relation not only of the paleolithic to the 
eolithic below and the neolithic above, but also, by means of a bracket, 
that portion of the diluvial series for which there are cavern equiva- 
lents. It should be recalled, however, that there is no direct strati- 
graphic relation between the cavern deposits and those of the valleys. 
At Saint-Acheul and Helin, industries occurred at all the horizons 
indicated except the Aurignacian and Solutréan. The deposits at 
Ecaussines corresponding to these two horizons are sterile. By going 
to Willendorff, in the Danube Valley, near Krems (or to the Rhine 
Valley), the diluvial cultural series can be completed, as has already 
been pointed out. 
