582 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909. 
According to Rutot, the neolithic is wholly superficial, never being 
found in situ in the brick earth. Whether the latter is entirely barren 
of industry remains to be determined. As it was deposited by the 
last flood waters of the Quaternary, to find middle or upper Magda- | 
lenian industry near its base should create no surprise. At the other 
end of the series the paleolithic stops short of the lower Quaternary, 
the industry of the latter being purely eolithic. 
Respecting technology, the various paleolithic types of implements 
are for the most part so familiar to students of the prehistoric that 
with one or two exceptions I have deemed it unnecessary to figure 
them (figs. 4 and 5). They admit of separation into two more or 
less distinct groups. The older, practically confined to the diluvial 
deposits, 1s represented by the Strépyan, Chellean, and Acheulian. 
The generalized type, common to all three horizons, is the almond- 
shaped implement chipped on both sides. The younger group, com- 
mon both to the upper series of diluvial deposits and the caverns, 
includes the Mousterian, Aurignacian, Solutréan and Magdalenian 
horizons. Lithologically, it is composed largely of flint flakes that 
are chipped on one side only. The group is characterized also by 
the appearance of bone implements and the beginnings of the arts 
of sculpture, engraving, and painting. In this as well as the older 
group there is everywhere orderly development marked either by 
refinement of preexisting forms or the appearance of new ones. 
The result is that a given combination of cultural phenomena has 
its definite stratigraphic position. The two kinds of evidence are 
therefore in harmony. 
Of the three elements of control, the least thoroughly mastered is 
paleontology. Some forms appear, disappear, and reappear. Some, 
again, persist in certain latitudes much longer than in others. Z7e- 
phas antiquus, for example, and Rhinoceros merckii existed in France 
from the beginning of the Quaternary to the lower Acheulian epoch, 
having retreated from Belgium with the coming on of the Riss glacia- 
tion. Farther south, at Grimaldi, we find them contemporary with 
Mousterian man. . Their successors, Hlephas primigenius and Rhinoc- 
eros tichorhinus, appeared in Belgium as early as the Strépyan and 
persisted almost until the end of the Quaternary, as their remains 
have been found in the lower Flandrian deposits (ergeron). 
The researches of Commont prove that at the beginning of the 
paleolithic there were two adjacent contemporary zoological prov- 
inces, (1) a northern, including England (for Great Britain and Ire- 
land were then a part of the mainland), Belgium, and northern Ger- 
many with the fauna of the mammoth, and_(2) a southern, including 
the greater part of the Paris basin and the valley of the Somme, 
where the fauna of Hlephas antiquus still persisted. The fauna of 
the mammoth overran France in the Acheulian epoch, 1. e., about the 
time that Llephas antiquus retreated toward the south. If these facts 
