ANTIQUITY OF MAN IN EUROPE—MACCURDY. 588 
are kept in mind, the apparent mélange of arctic and tropical types 
need no longer present insuperable difficulties. It will be readily seen, 
also, that in the table (pl. 1) no attempt has been made to give either 
the horizontal or the vertical range of a given species. Each dominant 
species simply appears once and in one of its favorite horizons. 
With man the case is different. Already in the paleolithic he 
exhibited those universal tendencies for which he has ever since been 
famous. His horizontal range was over the whole of Europe not 
preémpted by the glaciers and his vertical range covered the entire 
Quaternary. Fortunately, he can be traced not only by the presence 
of his own bones, but also by that of his industries. In fact, the 
bulk of the evidence rests on industrial remains, due in part, at least, 
to their indestructible character. The decade’s discoveries of osse- 
ous remains, however, have added immensely to our knowledge of 
fossil man. The already familiar Neandertal type has become still 
better known through the finding of well-preserved specimens whose 
faunal and cultural associations are also more clearly defined than 
ever before. 
New types have been discovered at various horizons, ranging from 
the Mafilean to the Asylian, giving a fairly comprehensive composite 
picture of human evolution from near the beginning of the Quater- 
nary to its very close. Neandertal man seems to have been a direct 
descendant of Homo heidelbergensis, there being little evidence of 
somatological changes due to admixture of races until after the close 
of the middle Quaternary. The somewhat sudden appearance of 
a distinctly higher type in the Aurignacian epoch (Combe-Capelle) 
is a fact difficult to explain without recourse to the theory of an 
influx of new blood. Curiously enough, the appearance of this new 
race is signalized also by great cultural changes—the use of bone 
implements and the beginnings of sculpture, engraving, and painting. 
To this Aurignacian element, inherited by the succeeding Magdalen- 
ian races belongs much of the credit for the phenomenal art develop- 
ment of the upper paleolithic. 
_ I have endeavored to trace the principal lines along which the 
science of prehistoric anthropology has been developing, lines that 
are yearly becoming more distinct. If hitherto they have seemed 
obscure, it has not been the fault of our ancestors who left their story 
upon each age in its turn, but is due rather to our slowness to dis- 
cover the record and interpret it aright. I have also endeavored to 
show that in both discovery and interpretation the achievements of 
the past decade are not only highly creditable in themselves, but are 
also prophetic of a promising future. 
YALE UNIVERSITY, 
New Haven, Conn., April 6, 1910. 
45745°—sm 1909 38 
