588 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1909. 
succeeded the Germans, largely moved at first by the political events 
of 1848. By 1854 1,500,000 Teutons, mainly from northern Germany, 
had settled in America. So many were there that ambitious plans 
for the foundation of a German State in the new country were 
actually set on foot. The later German immigrants were recruited 
largely from the Rhine provinces and have settled farther to the 
northwest, in Wisconsin and Jowa; the earliest wave having come 
from northern Germany to Ohio, Indiana, Ulinois, and Missouri. 
The Swedes began to come after the civil war. Their immigration 
culminated in 1882 with the influx of 50,000 in that year. More 
recent still are the Italians, beginning with a modest 20,000 in 1876, 
1820 1830. 1840 1850 1860 1870 - 1880 1890 1900 1910 
{In the figures at the side five ‘0's have been omitted: thus 1,3 = 1,300,000.) 
“IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES, 1820-1907. 
rising to over 200,000 arrivals in 1888, and constituting an army of 
300,000 in the single year of 1907; and accompanying the Italian has 
come the great horde of Slavs, Huns, and Jews. Wave has followed 
wave, each higher than the last; the ebb and flow being dependent 
upon economic conditions in large measure. It is the last great wave 
shown by our diagram which has most alarmed us in America. This 
gathered force on the revival of prosperity about 1897, but it did 
not assume full measure until 1900. Since that year over 6,000,000 
people have landed on our shores, one-quarter of all the total immi- 
gration since the beginning. The newcomers of these eight years 
alone would repopulate all the five older New England States as 
they stand to-day; or if properly disseminated over the newer parts 
