ROMAN ARCHITECTURE—BAGGALLAY. 665 
which for a long time dominated all Roman art, and can not be due 
to the Greek origin of the city, as has been assumed. Pompeii had 
ceased to be a Greek colony for many centuries before it became a 
Roman one, and had passed successively, it is said, through the hands 
of Oscans, Etruscans, and Samnites. The Greek tongue had long 
been extinguished, and any Greek blood left in the inhabitants can 
have been neither sufficient nor sufficiently important to inspire its 
architecture. 
If you compare Pompeian ruins with those of the immense struc- 
tures in Rome, the walls seem to be but slightly built, but they are 
quite as thick or thicker than we should erect now under similar cir- 
cumstances. They are mainly of the so-called Roman concrete, really 
rubble. Many quoins, most isolated piers, and some walls are of 
wrought masonry. A certain amount of burnt brick is used, espe- 
cially for patching and in the upper parts of the ruins. It probably 
indicates work of the Imperial period, and generally, no doubt, the 
repairs and restorations after the earthquake of A. D. 63, before 
referred to. That upper stories over parts of the houses were com- 
mon is shown by the considerable number of staircases and traces 
of staircases found, although most appear to have been of wood and 
many would leave no trace. The small remains of the upper stories 
recovered indicate that they were constructed with wooden framing 
and, sometimes at least, overhung the footways. The existence of 
upper stories at Pompeii is interesting because a remark of Vitruvius 
might have led one to suppose that in his day upper stories were 
peculiar to Rome. He says: “The immense population (of Rome) 
makes it necessary to have a vast number of dwellings, and as the 
area is not enough to contain them all (on the ground story), the 
nature of the case obliges us to raise them in the air.”* It hardly 
seems likely that all the upper stories in Pompeii were additions sub- 
sequent to the time of Vitruvius, and one must suppose he was re- 
ferring only to an exceptional number of stories in Rome. It is diffi- 
cult to guess how many these were. On the one hand no Latin author 
ever mentions more than four, and Juvenal, a century after the time of 
Vitruvius, speaks of the dwellings of the poor “in the fourth story 
under the roofs.”® Besides, Vitruvius tells us that walls next a 
public way might not be more than a foot and a half thick.“ On the 
other hand Augustus thought it necessary to mit the height of 
buildings to 70 feet.? 
CVaiien Le (8S Le. 
> Juv. Sat., III, 199 et seq. 
ON. e Le. 8: 
@Strab., V, 235. The houses in Carthage when it was destroyed are said to 
have been eight stories high. 
