192 Dr. F. A. Dixey on 



distinctly yellow. The females of both forms are variable, 

 but the range of variation is distinct in the two. De 

 Niceville, however, rightly remarks that " the distinctive 

 characters on which Dr. Martin relies are all quite incon- 

 stant, and entirely break down " when large numbers of 

 both forms are examined. It may be added that the 

 difference of habit alleged to exist between G. crocale and 

 0. pomona is no disproof of specific identity, inasmuch as 

 a similar difference, witnessed to by both Trimen * and 

 Marshall,-j- obtains between Precis sesamus, Trim, and the 

 southern representation of P. ectavia, Cram, (called by 

 Marshall P. octavia-natcdcnsis). The form natalcnsis, 

 according to Marshall, frequents high, open spots ; sesamus 

 is shade-loving, though it occasionally flies with natalcnsis, 

 especially at the change of seasons. Sesamus is more 

 wary thcin nnf a Icnsis ; it is more often found in gardens, 

 and occasionally enters human habitations. It also con- 

 trasts with natalcnsis in being at times gregarious. But 

 in spite of these well-marked divergencies of habit, the 

 two forms, as is well known, have been absolutely proved 

 to be seasonal phases of the same species. Hence, in the 

 case of C. pomona and C. crocale, Dr. Martin's objection 

 on the score of habit cannot be held any more conclusive 

 than that founded on the difference in aspect. 



With regard to the second point, that of the seasonal 

 relations of the two forms, it seems that the utmost we 

 can at present allege is that in part, at all events, of its 

 range the dimorphism of G. pomona is associated with the 

 change of season. That this is not the case everywhere 

 is evident from de Niceville's observation, as quoted by 

 Trimen,J that " the innumerable varieties which are found 

 in both sexes occur at all times ; " and, more particularly, 

 from the statement that " both true G. crocale and the 

 dimorphic form, G. catilla, Cram, occur commonly in 

 Mussoorie from July to October, and in Dehra Dun 

 throughout the warmer months of the year." § On the 

 other hand, we have Batchelor's categorical assertion from 



* South-African Butterflies, vol. I, 1887, j-p. 230, 233. 



t Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 1898, vol. II, pp. 33, 34. 



X Proc. Ent. Soc. Lond., 1898, p. Ixxvi. 



§ Mackinnon and de Niceville, Journal of Bombay Nat. Hist. 

 Soc., vol. XI, 1898, p. 586. Piepers also denies absolutely that the 

 dimorphism of C. pomona is seasonal (" Notes from the Leyden 

 Museum," vol. XXII, 1899, note 1, p. 13, ibiqne cit). 



