Tlte Bionomicfi of Sonth African Insects. n78 



near the anal ancjle of tlie hind-wing is even more con- 

 vincincj inasmuch as both markins^s and structures are far 

 more specialized and examples of their injury nmch 

 commoner. Plate X is entirely occupied with the repre- 

 sentation of such injuries in species which are without 

 special directive marks and structures at this region of the 

 hind-wing, while Plate XI, with the exception of the four 

 lowest figures (21 to 24) and figure 4, is devoted to the 

 illustration of injuries received at the very spot Avhich has 

 been rendered s|)ecially conspicuous. In fact, on Plate IX 

 we have evidence that tlie attacks of enemies are common 

 at the apicnl angle of the fore-wing, and on this Plate as 

 well as in the four lowest figures of Plate XI the special 

 directive marks developed at this specially-exposed area 

 are seen to be shorn off or in some way injured ; while on 

 Plate X we have the same kind of evidence of still more 

 frequent attack at the anal angle of the hind-wing, together 

 with, on Plate XI, the evidence that this general tendency 

 on the part of the enemy is encouraged by the develop- 

 ment of directive features of all kinds, which are shown to 

 be successful in that they have been attacked. We see.ou 

 Plate XI the prolonged "tails" of the hind-wingsof i-^-rms 

 shorn off (Fig. 1), together with the large eye-spot 

 marking the same region in Papilio dcmodocus (Figs. 8 

 and 9), the two " tails '' of C/icmcxcs (Figs. 5, 10, 18, 14, 15, 

 20), the slender single "tail" with its accompanying single 

 or double eye-spot of some Lycainiclm (Figs. 6, 11, 16, 17), 

 the conspicuous lobes combined with one or two "tails" 

 and bright spots, .sometimes in the form of eye-spots, of 

 other LycwniJiv (Figs. 3, 7, 12, 18, 19). 



Many beautifully " tailed " forms occur among the 

 Nijm'plialins', of tropical America, such as Frotogonius, 

 An/va, etc., and the commonly developed " tails " of Papilios 

 are probably to be explained in the same manner. When 

 a "tail" is produced at tlie anal angle of the hind-wing 

 in relation to a dead-leaf-like under-side, the mid-rib-like 

 stripe is developed in relation to the apparent leaf stalk, 

 as is seen in Plate XII 1, figs. 4a, 4b, G, 7, and 8. On the 

 other hand, Fig. 1 on Plate XI shows well that such " tails " 

 may also act as advantageous directive structin^es. 



The resemblance of the marks and structures at the 

 anal angle of the hind-wing under-side in \\\m\y Lyavnidm 

 to a head with antenme and eyes has been independently 

 noticed by many observers. The movements of tlie hind- 



