654 lEx/planation of Plates. 



FiCx. 31. Vanessa, atalmita $, Aug. 23, 1897. Captured by F. A. 

 Dixey at Mortlioe, N. Devon. The injury can hardly 

 have been produced otherwise than by a bird snipping a 

 notcli in all four wings wlien they come togetlier in the 

 attitude of repose as sliown in tlie tignre. 



32. Epiacphele hjcaon, July 22, 1898. Captured by E. B. 



Poulton between Visp and Stalden, Valais, about 2450 

 feet. The same conclusion as in the description of 

 Fig. 29. 



33. Vanessa atalanta ^, Sept. 23, 1901. Captured by A. H. 



Hamm in the University Parks, Oxford. The character 

 of the injury implies an attack by a bird, probably made 

 in one of the short rests when the insect assumed the 

 attitude sliown in the hgure. 



Explanation of Plate XT. 



Injuries to directive marks and structures on the wings 

 OP South African Butterflies. 



Injuries inflicted in the neighbourhood of s])ecial marks or 

 structures near the anal angle of hind-wing or apex of tlie fore-wing. 



All the figures are about f of the natural size. 



All the specimens not otherwise described were captured, on tlie 

 dates mentioned, at Salisbury, Mashonaland, 5000 feet, by Guy 

 A. K. Marshall. 



Fig. 1. Precis antilope $, May 19, 1898. Bests on leaves of low 

 herbage and rarely on the ground. Birds are the most 

 likely enemies, and the specimen was probably at rest 

 when both "tails" were shorn off. 



2. Precis cuama 5 , May 1900. Same habit and conclusions 



as in the last figure. 



3. Spinclasis natalensis, June 13, 1900. Captured by 



Champion B. Russell near Eshowe, Zululand. Flight 

 very rapid, settles on outer leaves of trees and never 

 on ground. Almost certainly injured by a bird. 



4. Precis archesia ,^ , March 9, 1901. This unilateral injury 



was probably inflicted on the wing. 



5. Charaxes yuderiana (^,Dec. 31, 1898. All Gharaxes here 



represented fly and settle like S. natalensis. Birds by 



