of Mount Lebanon. 239 
M. de Tchihatcheff has found at Makrikoi, near the gates of 
Constantinople, certain fossil fishes identical with those of Hakel. 
Unfortunately this traveller never saw in situ the rock whence 
the specimens were obtained ; and consequently his notices are 
of little value, except so far as they attest the geographical 
extension of the beds of Lebanon. 
We are consequently almost reduced to the stratigraphical 
data furnished by M. Botta in his memoir on Libanus and 
Antilibanus*. M. Botta distinguishes three principal forma- 
tions in the Lebanon. He refers the lowest of them to the 
Upper Jurassic period, the following to the Greensand, and the 
third, which covers this, to the Lower Cretaceous series. The 
Lower Chalk is composed of an alternation of limestones and 
calcareous marls. It is in one of the middle beds of this latter 
formation that the fishes of Hakel occur. With regard to those 
of Sahel Alma, they belong, according to M. Botta, to the same 
group, but may be slightly more ancient. 
The observations made at Hakel by M. Humbert, although 
very incomplete, tend to confirm the views of this learned French 
naturalist. We have, in fact, found fossils characteristically 
Cenomanian (Upper Greensand), such as Orca Tailleburgensis, 
Cardium Hillanum, &c.,in layers of alternate limestones and marls, 
which are immediately overlain by the fish-beds. Possibly, in 
spite of this superposition, these beds may form part of the same 
group, and be only a phase of the Cenomanian. A circumstance 
which would lead us to suppose this to be the case is the fact 
that in proceeding from the bed of the river to a point situated 
between the village and the deposit of fishes, and mounting per- 
pendicularly the left flank of the valley, we find a series of cal- 
careous laminz more or less compact, but without a trace of 
the fish-bed ; the superior laminz seem, however, to be conti- 
nuations of those which overlie that bed. We must thence 
conclude that this latter is superior to the Cenomanian forma- 
tion, or that it forms part of that formation. If, as we suppose, 
the Hippurites lumbricalis (and perhaps H. socialis) obtained 
between Djebail and Hakel are superior to the fishes of Hakel, 
then these are inferior to the Turonian (Lower White Chalk) 
formation. 
The beds of Hakel would seem to be prolonged over a very 
considerable space. The Clipea Beurardi was described by De 
Blainville from a specimen brought from Gibel (Djebail), and 
probably emanating from Hakel; M. Agassiz studied a specimen 
from Saint-Jean d’Acre. The Clupea brevissima, so abundant at 
Hakel, is represented in the Museum of Geneva by specimens 
* « Observations on Libanus and Antilibanus,” by M. P. E. Botta, jun. 
(Mém. de la Soc. Géol. de France, tome i., Ist part: Paris, 1833). 
