246 On the Fossil Fishes of Mount Lebanon. 
Pharyngognathi, These fishes, im which Heckel discovered 
pharyngeal teeth, belong to a type at present very distinct from 
the Percoids ; they approach these, however, through the Beryx 
of the Chalk, which they resemble in scales, fins, and general 
appearance. 
4. The genus Plataz, of the family Carangide, also remark- 
able for a resemblance in fins and contour to the Bery# above 
named. 
Briefly, these four types, now so distinct, were related at the 
epoch of their origin by certain common characters actually 
diminished or effaced since then; so that we might represent 
the history of the Ctenoids by means of a bundle of diverging 
lines, between which should be inscribed all those families which 
did not exist before the Cretaceous period. 
Some other families of Teleosteans have a few rare representa- 
tives at Mount Lebanon. We shall not linger over these, and 
shall content ourselves with indicating one or two Sparoids, one 
or two Gobioids, and a curious genus (Petalopteryx) belonging 
probably to the Cataphracti. 
In order to render complete this notice of the faunas of Leba- 
non, it would only remain for us to say a few words relative to 
an order which we have already named above—that of the Hop- 
lopleuride, the relations of which have been contested: this, 
however, would lead us too far. We would refer to our memoir 
for the detailed treatment of this question ; it will there be seen 
that all arguments in favour of their affinity with the Ganoids 
are highly contestable, and that these fishes are true Teleosteans. 
The Hoplopleuride characterized by longitudinal series of 
shields form a group at present proper to the Cretaceous period. 
They themselves contribute largely to stamp the physiognomy 
of the Lebanon faunas. 
These various facts may further be summed up as follows :— 
The Lebanon faunas have, like the other Cretaceous faunas, 
in the more essential points, their relations entirely with the 
subsequent, and never with preceding faunas. The commence- 
ment of the Cretaceous period has been, as concerns this class, 
a period of great modification and renovation of forms. The 
principal general character consists in the sudden disappearance 
of Ganoids, these being replaced by an abundance of Teleosteans. 
If we compare them with subsequent faunas (tertiary and 
modern) we find that they are composed of the same families, 
only in different proportions. 
The most important is that of the Halecoids (Sa/mones and 
Clupee), which may be regarded as the continuation of certain 
Jurassic genera. This is the only family of Teleosteans with so 
remote an origin. It is also the one which reproduces in the 
