282 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1917. 



The mammal remains are so numerous and so well preserved that, 

 they can not have been transported far. They consist of Elephas 

 primigenius (abundant), E. trogontherii, E. antiquus (one tooth). 

 Rhinoceros tichorhinus (abundant), Rh. Merckii (one tooth), Bos 

 primigenius, Bison priscus, Eqwus caballus, Cervus dices, C. elaphue, 

 C. euryceros, Rangifier groenlandicus, Ovibos moschatus, Canis lupus, 

 Unis, etc. — a temperate fauna with a few high-northern elements. 



A number of borings in the neighborhood show, on the same strati- 

 graphical level and nearly on the same absolute level as the Rixdorf 

 horizon, between two bowlder clays, peat beds With grasses and pine 

 remains. Further, the corresponding interglacial of Phoeben and the 

 considerable interglacial weathered zone of Glindow belong strati- 

 graphically to the same horizon and contain a different Paludina 

 (P. Duboisiana) to the true P. diluviana, which was found at Rix- 

 dorf about 50 meters deeper. 



The lower interglacial with P. diluviana is very rich in Mollusc a, 

 including Bithynia tentaeulata and Dreissensia-. Often it is an 

 almost pure shell bed, from 2 to 20 meters thick, lying with great 

 regularity at to 10 meters. It is an old sea iioor with abundance 

 of life indicating favorable conditions. 



Very numerous borings round Berlin leave not the slightest doubt 

 as to the succession — the P. diluviana bed lies always under a thick 

 bowlder clay which is overlain by a second interglacial, the Rixdorf 

 horizon, and very often it lies above a still deeper bowlder clay. 



The next section described is that of Phoeben, west of Potsdam, 

 where the younger interglacial is found between bowlder clays as a 

 sandy peat with a mammalian and molluscan fauna, the latter includ- 

 ing P. Duboisiana, Planorbh albu-s, and Belgrandia. Below the 

 bowlder clay underlying this bed have been found in borings the 

 lower Paludina bed with P. diluviana and temperate plants, and be- 

 low this again still older bowlder clay. 



A similar succession is seen at several points in Schleswig-Holstein. 

 especially Suderstapel, Hamburg, and Lauenburg. The succession at 

 Siiderstapel is important because under bowlder clay, weathered to a 

 depth of 10 meters and thus older, is a shell bed with "great round 

 mussels," probably the Eem bed (Tapes aureus eemiensis). This is 

 underlain by the black Lauenburg clay, a persistent horizon overly- 

 ing the oldest bowlder clay of Schleswig and Holland. The upper 

 part of the section is formed by peat with temperate plants overlain 

 by fresh bowlder clay. 



In Hannover is the famous section of Luneburg, with a voluminous 

 literature of its own, which is now generally considered to show 

 three glacial horizons separated by interglacial deposits. 



This important paper of C. Gagel's has since been confirmed and 

 extended by a survey by H. Menzel (7) of all the important occur- 



