294 ANNUAL REPORT SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, 1911. 



stratigraphical evidence is clearly against this conclusion, while the 

 fauna is consistent with a considerably colder climate than the pres- 

 ent. Tho fauna is probably late lower glacial. 



In 1910 (32), however, Tesch had denied that the lower coarse 

 Rhine diluvium corresponds to a glacial period, on the ground that 

 no corresponding arctic fauna or flora is known. He considered 

 that the chief terrace represents a single glacial period corresponding 

 to the first of Germany and the first two of the Alps, there being a 

 progressive increase in fluviatile activity and a continually increasing 

 northern life element up to this point. In the paper in 1915 already 

 referred to, however, he adopts a fluvio-glacial origin for this lower, 

 coarse Rhine diluvium. 



.°,. DENMARK. 



Northeast of Holland lies Hanover and Schlcswig-Holstein, tho 

 glacial deposits of which have already been described; to complete 

 our survey of northwest Europe a brief reference to Denmark is 

 necessary. Here, as in Holland, the Eem zone forms a safe base 

 line for correlation. This was described by Madsen, Nordmann, and 

 Hartz in their classic memoir of 1908 (33). In Denmark these ma- 

 rine temperate beds were found in borings to be overlain by two 

 moraines; these were nowhere seen to be separated by later inter- 

 glacial deposits, but their bowlder content is quite different, the 

 lower bowlder clay containing erratics from the east Baltic and the 

 upper erratics from southern Norway. The older moraine contains 

 very much less crystalline and Cretaceous material and much more 

 Paleozoic material than the younger. There is thus no doubt that 

 the bowlder clay underlying the Eem beds, as in Holland, belongs to 

 the first of the three glaciations of Germany. 



Our knowledge of the second interglacial of Denmark is mainly 

 derived from a very detailed study by Jessen, Milthers, Nordmann, 

 Hartzog, and Hesselbo in 1910 (31) of a boring at Skaerumhede. 

 This passed through 200 meters of Quaternary deposits before the 

 chalk was reached. Two glacial series were found separated by a 

 well -marked interglacial. 



The older of these two glacial series was met with at a depth of 

 180 meters, or 157 meters below sea level, and was 20 meters thick, 

 consisting of sands and gravels, and bowlder clay with many flints 

 from the upper Danian, eruptive rocks from the eastern Baltic 

 (Aland), and other southeast Swedish erratics (from Oesel and 

 Oeland), showing that this bowdder clay was formed by an east Bal- 

 tic ice sheet, evidently the same as that which formed the lowermost 

 of the two moraines overlying the Eem beds in south Denmark. Both 

 gravels and bowlder clay contain fragments of high arctic Mollusca 

 probably derived from early glacial beds not yet known in situ. 



