BLOOD-GROUPS AND RACE— MILLOT 509 



called Hunan, after the name of the Chinese province, it includes, 

 besides that region, the Japanese, a part of the Koreans, and in 

 Europe the Poles, Ukrainians and Hungarians. Lastly, a seventh type, 

 poor in A, but the richest of all in B, comprises all the Hindus, the 

 north Chinese, the Manchurians, and in Europe the Gipsies (Indo- 

 Manchurian type). 



Such in outline is the actual classification of races according to the 

 serological properties of their blood. Some anthropologists have 

 criticized it severely, going even so far as to deny that blood-groups 

 have any ethnological value at all. The}^ claim that from a study of 

 it one can deduce no valid argument bearing on the relationship of 

 races. They point out, for instance, that Hindus and Europeans 

 have wholly dissimilar blood, whereas there are good reasons for 

 supposing that both are descended from a common stock ; on the other 

 band, the Lapps, who are of Asiatic origin and very different from the 

 Norwegians, are made to belong with them to the European type. 

 They argue also that Jews occur in almost all the categories, as much 

 amongst Afro-Malays as in Europe (German Jews), amongst the 

 Intermediates (Spanish Jews) or amongst those of the Hunan type 

 (Rumanian Jews and Jews of Beirut). These objections have very 

 little weight. It is now agreed that Hindus and Europeans are much 

 less closely connected than was formerly supposed, on the strength 

 of linguistic evidence wrongly interpreted. The Lapps have very 

 UTegular blood-formulae, and they are sufficiently intermarried with 

 their Scandinavian neighbors to make it not at all surprising that 

 their original blood should have been modified and now approximates 

 to that of Europeans. Finally, we may now regard it as certain that 

 the Jews do not constitute a true race, but a group of communities 

 which are ethnically distinct and united primarily by a common bond 

 of religion. It may be added that if Grove, for instance, found very 

 different blood-formidae amongst the different Ainu tribes, that was 

 because he did not guard sufficiently against sources of error (con- 

 sanguinity), which invalidate his statistics. 



On the other hand, m.any accurate observations, as Snyder has 

 emphasized, confirm the real ethnic value of the reactions of aggluti- 

 nation, and show that populations of different blood can live side by 

 side for centuries in the same country without their serological prop- 

 erties undergoing any modification, if there is no intermarriage. Thus 

 the index of the Japanese and that of the Ainus is very different, 

 although these two races have been neighbors in Japan for several 

 millennia. The facts are particularly striking in the United States; the 

 three great races which have hved there on the same territory for 300 

 years still retain widely different indices — the Indians having one of 

 9.5; the whites, 3.6; and the blacks 1.4. Hungary provides another 

 choice example, because in that country are brought together colonies 



