84 THE FLORIDA BUGGIST 
MORPHOLOGY 
Morphology is the study of form and structure of animals, 
and logically it should precede classification, as classification is 
based upon form and structure; but in point of time it largely 
followed classification, which was then based mostly upon the 
external characteristics only. Studies of form and structure 
naturally bring out relationships, and, thanks largely to mor- 
phology, we now have classifications of insects, and other ani- 
mals, that represent more nearly true relationships. 
It will be quite apparent that the form and structure of an 
insect, or other animal, or plant, may be studied from three 
points of view: Anatomy, Histology, Embryology. 
Anatomy.—This consists in the study of the organs, or larger 
units of an animal. We may speak of the external anatomy and 
the internal anatomy. External atanomy deals with the shape, 
structure and relative positions of the external organs: wings, 
mouth parts, head, legs, eyes, etc., of an insect; internal anatomy 
with the internal organs. 
Histology.—Histology is the structure of living things as mani- 
fested by the microscope. From this we learn, for instance, that 
the organs and parts of insects are made up of microscopic cells, 
or units, similar to those of other animals and plants. 
Embryology and Life History.—A tracing of the development 
of an animal, be it insect, bird or mammal, prior to its birth or 
hatching from an egg is called embryology. It may be stated 
here that some insects are born alive. The complete life history 
of an animal consists of its several developmental stages, includ- 
ing its embryology. Specifically, in most insects, it includes the 
following stages or states of development: egg, embryo, larva 
(grub, caterpillar, maggot, etc.), pupa, and adult. For the 
study of embryology a compound microscope and other special 
apparatus is necessary, as well as a knowledge of special methods 
to preserve the many delicate and microscopic structures found. 
ECOLOGY 
When a naturalist, whether entomologist or other investigator, 
studies insects or other organisms inhabiting certain localities 
in an endeavor to solve their mutual relations to each other and 
to their environment, we have the science of ecology, meaning, 
literally, a study of the household. 
