AUTUMN NUMBER 23 
BREEDING PLACES 
Larvae have been taken in holes, puddles, wells, buckets, barrels, stump 
holes, basements of buildings, wagon ruts, marshes, ditches, cess-pools, 
and dishes inside or outside of buildings. 
ANOPHELES 
Eggs.—The eggs are boat shaped, one side being flatter than the other, 
and are covered with a fine reticulated membrane. They are not stuck 
together in rafts, but float singly or in groups upon the surface of the 
water. They usually hatch in thirty-six to forty-eight hours, but they 
may remain viable for several months (Mitchell 1907). They have remained 
unhatched for fifteen days in the laboratory. 
Larvae.—The larvae are easily distinguished by their resting position 
in the water (Fig. 12). They have a very short anal tube and the body 
is always held parallel to and touching the surface, and are supported by 
the anal tube and the racemose hairs (Fig. 13) along the sides of the body 
indenting the surface film. (Berkley 1902.) 
The color varies from very light green to dark brown, almost black. 
There are often whitish markings on the thorax and abdomen, but these 
are very variable and often entirely lacking. The length of the larval stage 
under favorable conditions, may be as short as six days (Howard 1902), 
but is often much longer. Anopheles quadrimaculatus has remained in this 
stage for two months in the laboratory. 
The larvae feed at the surface and will swallow any minute floating 
particle. 
Pupae——The pupae resemble Culex very much, but they have shorter 
and broader respiratory tubes which are placed near the middle of the 
thorax. The length of the pupal stage is longer than for Culex, varying 
from five to ten days (Howard 1902). 
The eggs, larvae, and pupae of the two species we have are very much 
alike, and are not easily distinguished. 
Adults.—The adults of this genus are easily recognized by the position 
in which the body is held when at rest. It is held at an angle to the 
surface, which gives them the appearance of standing on their heads. The 
body of A. crucians is usually held at an angle of sixty to seventy degrees, 
while A. Quadrimaculatus usually forms an angle of forty-five to fifty 
degrees. When there is a breeze blowing, they have been observed clinging 
to the window screens in the position assumed by Culex, and once or twice 
when the wind was blowing hard, the body was pressed against the screen. 
When resting, the hind feet usually point backward and are held a little 
below the level of the body. 
The scutellum is convex behind and the proboscis is straight. The palpi 
are as long as the proboscis (Figs. 16 and 17) and the claws simple in 
both sexes. The wings are spotted with white and black scales, but the 
front margin is wholly black scaled. 
Anopheles crucians can be distinguished from Anopheles quadrimaculatus 
by the spots on the wings. In A. crucians (Fig. 18) the last vein is white 
scaled and marked with three black spots; while in A. quadrimaculatus 
(Fig. 19) the last vein is wholly black scaled. 
(Continued on page 28) 
