ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES—JANSE 349 
and largely overgrown with shrubby vegetation. - According to the 
manager of the Calatagan estate, several “old Chinese potsherds” 
had occasionally been turned up here by the plow, and a local worker 
is said to have found a ceramic box containing some Spanish silver 
coins. 
3. The Kay (or Panday) Tomas field, also on a flat promontory, 
is surrounded by swamps. The field is located a few kilometers north 
of the Pulong Bacao field. At Penagpatayan we discovered 29, at 
Pulong Bacao 6, and at Kay Tomas 31 tombs, a total of 66 tombs, 
most of them from the early Ming (fifteenth and sixteenth centuries). 
In the soil between the tombs and almost on the surface we gathered, 
in addition to the various items of the funerary deposits, numerous 
stray finds. 
As arule each tomb contained a skeleton or part of a skeleton, lying 
on its back, the arms generally inclined slightly inward. At Penag- 
patayan the limestone ground was partly responsible for the good 
preservation of the skeletal remains. At the other cemeteries, espe- 
cially at Pulong Bacao, the bones were in many cases in a poor state of 
preservation. The various pieces of the funerary deposit, chiefly Chi- 
nese ceramics, has been placed on or around the skeleton. In addition 
to ceramics, there were ether items, such as spindlewhorls, a pounder, 
a bracelet, and a knife. There were no traces of a coffin or an under- 
ground chamber of bricks, stone, or other material. Originally, how- 
ever, there may have existed above the tombs some structures of wood, 
which, of course, have not been preserved. Such constructions still 
are erected in various parts of southeast Asia above modern tombs, 
e. g., among the Protomalayan populations, and are common among 
the Moros inthe south. The skeletons and the funerary deposits were 
uncovered usually only a few feet below the surface of the soil. 
A peculiarity of the Penagpatayan field was the disposition of the 
tombs along a slightly curved line, extending in a north-south direc- 
tion. With the exception of two tombs (9 and 10) all were found 
oriented in or almost in a north-south direction, with the skull to the 
north. 
The regularity with which the graves have been arranged may indi- 
cate that the dead had been buried approximately at the same time. 
The name of the mound, Penagpatayan, meaning the Field of Mas- 
sacre, could possibly substantiate this theory. Some of the dead appear 
to have met a violent death, because in several cases the skeletons 
showed evidence that the dead had been mutilated. The fact that 
several skulls were missing seems to indicate that some of the dead 
had been victims of head hunters. 
Before describing the various types of ceramics excavated, a brief 
discussion of local funerary rites as revealed by our discoveries may 
