ARCHEOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES—JANSE 353 
CHRONOLOGY OF THE TOMBS 
As but few systematically conducted excavations have been carried 
out in the Philippines and relatively little has been published in this 
field, we do not yet possess a solid basis on which to build up an abso- 
lute chronology in respect to the above finds. It appears, however, 
(Robb, op. cit., passim), that Ottley Beyer (Manila) has excavated 
“certain stratified deposits” in Rizal Province, central Luzon, contain- 
ing “quantities of fragments and whole pieces of Oriental stoneware 
and porcelains, mainly of Chinese and Siamese origin.” An attempt 
has been made by one writer to assign various types of ceramics to 
a certain date, based on information given by Mr. Beyer. Unfortu- 
nately, however, none of the “horizons” or archeological strata with 
their contacts and interrelations have been published to substantiate 
the proposed chronology. Pending an adequate report and possible 
further excavations, the question concerning the date of the tombs from 
Calatagan remains open. It is possible that the Penagpatayan ceme- 
tery is older than those at Pulong Bacao and Kay Tomas. As the 
latter has produced a few specimens belonging to the Wan-li period 
(1573-1620), it is obvious that although some of the burials were made 
at the end of the sixteenth century, most of the tombs may belong 
to the middle or early sixteenth century. At Penagpatayan no Wan- 
li wares were found, and though some of the ceramics are of the same 
types as those found at Kay Tomas, most of the wares appear, on the 
basis of the chronology suggested by Beyer, to be of older types. It is 
therefore possible that the Penagpatayan findings should be regarded 
as belonging mainly to the fifteenth century. 
The Pulong Bacao findings show a number of similarities to those 
made at Kay Tomas. It is therefore safe to assume that these two 
cemeteries may be regarded as practically contemporaneous. 
SURFACE FINDINGS 
In addition to the various items of the funerary deposits, we dis- 
covered numerous objects in the soil between the tombs and near the 
surface, especially at Pulong Bacao and Kay Tomas. Most of the find- 
ings are potsherds, many of which are interesting because of their dec- 
oration, some simple beads, a few ceramic spindlewhorls, some bracelets 
of green and blue matter (possibly glass paste), and several stone im- 
plements. Though a few of these items may originally have belonged 
to funerary deposits (which might easily have been displaced), it is 
obvious that some of the findings indicate that there once existed 
a settlement very close to the cemetery, a feature which is still common 
in the southern islands and occurs elsewhere among Protomalayan 
peoples as, for example, the Moi in Annam. 
