GRASSHOPPERS — GURNEY AND BROOKS 25 



Pass-Hope Highway and Moose Pass-Kenai Highway, Alaska, 1,800 

 ft.; Signal Peak, Wash., 5,000 ft.; Wasatch Mts., Utah, 7,400 ft.; 

 Chaffee Co., Colo., 8,000-8,500 ft. 



The classic report on the effects of temperature and moisture on 

 this grasshopper is by Parker (1930). MacCarthy (1956) dealt with 

 the correlation between adult populations and weather factors in 

 Saskatchewan. 



Criddle (1918, 1924) and Shotwell (1930) are among those who have 

 described the egg pods of bilituratus bilituratus, and Can trail (1943) 

 gave a detailed account of the way the ovipositing female prepares 

 the hole in the soil. Parker (1930) recorded one caged female which 

 laid 15 egg pods, and the average for 30 females observed by him was 

 8.8 pods. Other data on egg production were presented by Pfadt 

 (1949) and Smith, Handford, and Chefurka (1952). In laboratory 

 cages, using material from central Saskatchewan, Pickford (personal 

 communication to A. R. B.) has obtained an average of 30 pods for 

 each of 9 females with a calculated maximum of 43 pods (872 eggs) 

 for one female of the lot. 



A description by Handford (1946) compared nymphs of hilituratus 

 bilituratus with those of other species of Melanoplus. The seasonal 

 history varies a great deal, depending on the weather (Shotwell, 1930, 

 p. 23) and the location. The majority of adults studied by us were 

 collected in July or August, but those collections undoubtedly reflect 

 the habits of collectors almost as much as those of the grasshopper. 

 Shotwell has noted oviposition as late as November. Cantrall (1943) 

 found adults from early July until late October in Michigan, and he 

 suspected that there were two generations. It is suspected that two 

 years are required for the completion of the life cycle in parts of 

 British Columbia (Canad. Insect Pest Rev., vol. 34, p. 273, 1956). 



Melanoplus bilituratus vulturnus, new subspecies 



FiGUKES l,d-l; 2,j,m; S,c; 6; 7,d; 8,k; 9,/; 10,o; 15,b,c; Plate 1,d,e. 



Male (holotype): Size medium for group; fully winged; general 

 appearance as in M. bilituratus bilituratus. Pronotum not strangulate 

 in dorsal view, the posterior margin with the sides forming an angle 

 of about 120°, apex weU rounded; median carina of prozona and meta- 

 zona proportioned as to length as 21 : 24, in lateral view only slightly 

 depressed at the principal sulcus; tegmen with portion extending 

 posterior to the apex of the hind femur in proportion to tegminal 

 length as 3.5:17.5; hind femur moderately swollen for group. 

 Furculae slender, sharply tapered, scarcely divergent, extending one- 

 third the length of supra-anal plate; cercus as in figure 7,d-l; sub- 

 genital plate moderately upturned, with twin apices closely associated, 

 evident but poorly separated. 



