GRASSHOPPERS — GURNET AND BROOKS 61 



New Mexico: Taos Pk., 13.000 ft. (19); "N. Mexico," July 21, 1877 (1 c?), 

 July 21, 1877 (1 9). 



Missouri: Sarcoxie, July 10, 1877 (2 ?); Jackson Co., 1874 (2 9); Jasper 

 Co., Nov. 12, 1876 (1 d^, 1 9); Johnson Co., 1874 (1 d^, 1 9); "N. Mo.," 1868 

 (1 c?); "Central Mo.," 1874 (1 9); Holt Co., 1868 (2 9). 



Kansas: Cawker City, 1874, N. B. Freeland (1 cf, 1 9 ); Lawrence, June 18, 1877, 

 Geo. F. Gaumer (6 cf, one the neotype, 1 9); Manhattan, Nov, 1876 (3 9), 

 1874, W. C. Howard (2 d^); SaUna, Oct. 1877 (1 d', 1 9); Douglas Co., Oct. 

 1877, G. F. Gaumer (1 d^, 1 9); "Kans.," 1874 (2 d^, 2 9), 1876 (1 9), Nov. 

 1876 (1 d", 2 9). 



Texas: Near Brenham, 1868, Thos. Affleck (1 9); Calvert, devouring kernels 

 of corn, J. F. Moulton, Jr. (1 d'); Dallas, BoU^ (1 d") ; Salado, May 1877, 

 J. H. Myers (19); "Texas," BeL'rage ^ (1 d", 1 9); "Texas, common every- 

 where, has been very destructive in this and adjoining counties, the past few 

 years," Belfrage (19); "Texas," Pope, May 15 (1 9); "Texas" 1868 (1 9). 



Locality uncertain: An original Uhler specimen, probably sent to Scudder by 

 Uhler, belonging to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with a round pink 

 disk, also the labels, "Collection of P. R. Uhler"; "S. H. Scudder Coll"; "Mel- 

 anoplus spretus Scudder's Type, 1895"; "Caloptenus spretus Uhler NRR mi- 

 gratorj"" (1 d") (manuscript notes from the late H. S. Barber include a list of 

 abbreviations given him by Uhler; NRR meant "North Red River"; also see 

 Scudder (1897b, p. 187)). ' 



Biology and economic importance: Prior to 1885 the literature 

 dealing with the Rocky Mountain grasshopper probably was more 

 extensive than that then available concerning any other single native 

 American insect. Since there is no recently gathered information 

 and it is impossible to sift facts from opinions in much of the volumin- 

 ous early record, the biology of spretus will be reviewed briefly. The 

 most important references on biology are those of Packard (1877), 

 Riley (1876, 1877a, 1877b, 1891), and Riley, et al. (1878, 1880, 1883). 

 There is a great deal of repetition in those reports, and Riley's sum- 

 mary (1891, pp. 9-28) is recommended. When Cjtus Thomas 

 began the field study of spretus in 1869 (Riley, et al., 1880, p. 73), 

 he believed from the first year's observations that the species was 

 essentially sedentary, but later he and the other commissioners 

 decided that it was predominantly migratory. Areas inhabited were 

 defined as follows (Riley, 1891, map; and elsewhere): Permanent 

 Region, or native breeding grounds, where the species is always found 

 in greater or less abundance; Subpermanent Region, which the species 

 frequently invades, in which it can perpetuate itself for several 

 years, but from which in time it disappears; Temporar}' Region, or 

 that only periodically visited, and from which the species disappears 

 within a year (see map, fig. 14). 



Riley, et al. (1878, 1830), supposed portions of Canada (then cus- 

 tomarily referred to as Arctic America, or British America) to be an 



' G. W. Belfrage (1834-1882) and Jacob Boll (1828-18S0) , both well-known early collectors In Texas. Bel- 

 frage collected most in Bosque and McLennan Counties. 



