70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. no 



high altitudes and was characterized by tegmina reaching somewhat 

 beyond the apices of the hind femora, whUe in Junius the tegmina 

 usually did not quite reach those apices. Hebard (1930, p. 397) 

 noted that monticola is separated from typical borealis largely by 

 shorter wings and tegmina, but he indicated that some far northern 

 specimens would be assigned to borealis monticola if that character 

 was followed, and he clearly was impressed by the local variation 

 occurring in the Northwest. For the most part, specimens from the 

 northeastern United States and southeastern Canada have the lower 

 surfaces of the hind femora yellowish, and the hind tibiae are yellowish 

 or dirty pale brown, while specimens from further north and the 

 Rocky Mountains usually have the lower femoral surfaces and the 

 hind tibiae reddish. Series from Ontario and Manitoba show inter- 

 mediate conditions, and as a whole the populations represented by 

 Junius and monticola do not seem sufficiently defined for their recogni- 

 tion to serve a useful purpose. Hebard (1929, p. 387) said that 

 borealis monticola was the least well defined of four races of borealis 

 which he recognized, and (1932b, p. 37) he stated that Junius is a 

 "very weakly defined race." Later (Hebard 1934a, p. 105), he noted 

 the difficulty of separating borealis Junius and borealis borealis in 

 northern Minnesota and suggested that Junius might be merely a 

 pallid color phase developed in response to a more temperate environ- 

 ment. White and Rock (1941) recorded both borealis borealis and 

 borealis Junius from Alberta, and later (1945) recorded borealis 

 monticola also. In 1945 they discussed variation and the problem of 

 trying to justify the recognition of these subspecies. Blatchley (1920) 

 and Morse (1920) have discussed the variation shown by borealis, 

 Scudder (1897b, pp. 270, 272) placed Caloptenus arcticus Walker in 

 the synonymy of borealis, with some uncertainty, and Blatchley (1920) 

 did so definitely. This is now considered untrue, as here discussed 

 under M. bilituratus bilituratus (p. 15). 



In Canada the junior author has recognized two races or ecological 

 forms within borealis borealis. Specimens from Labrador, James Bay, 

 Northwest Territories, northern Quebec and Ontario, northern 

 Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta, and from British Columbia are 

 heavier, darker, more discolored, with more evident spotting on the 

 tegmina, and consistently higher tegmina/femur ratios in both long- 

 and short-winged forms than the more southern counterparts. The 

 form from the southern or grassland portion of the prairie provinces 

 is smaller, generally pale brownish yellow, with tegminal spotting 

 much reduced, and frequently with the hind femur entirely pale. 



A broad zone of transition between the two forms is evident in 

 eastern Saskatchewan and in Manitoba, the smaller, paler form 



