72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM vol. no 



Female genitalia: Cercus (fig. 10,1) averaging more slender, the 

 dorsal "scoop" of the dorsal ovipositor valve less excavate than in 

 bruneri, but females of the two species not always separable. 



Coloration: General coloration about as in bilituratus; hind femur 

 usually unhanded except dorsally on mesal side where three dark 

 transverse bands usually occur, external bands sometimes present, 

 as in specimens from Hudson Bay area which have the pale areas along 

 the dorsal surface of the hind femur noticeably yellowish in fresh 

 specimens; ventral surface of hind femur and lateral surface ventrad of 

 paginal area usually reddish except in specimens from the Plains 

 States eastward and in southern Ontario and Quebec, reddish area of 

 femur normall}^ correlated with red hind tibia. 



Males of borealis borealis from the Big Horn Mountains, Wyo., and 

 Fremont Co., Idaho, show a trend toward borealis palaceus, and they 

 suggest intergradation although they are not full}^ intermediate. 

 Males from Smithers, British Columbia, show a noticeable develop- 

 ment of the dorsal lip at the apex of the subgenital plate. 



Distribution: The principal recorded distribution of M. borealis 

 borealis, additional to what is shown on our maps (figs. 17, 18), is that 

 noted by Morse (1920) for Maine, and Hebard's statement (1931, p. 

 184) that borealis Junius is known from Mountain Grove in the Ozark 

 Mountains of south-central Missouri. J. W. H. Rehn (1939) recorded 

 borealis from Grande Miquelon and St. Pierre, near Newfoundland. 



Male specimens of Alelanoplus borealis borealis have been examined 

 from the localities shown in figm'es 17 and 18. 



Biology and economic importance: This subspecies is significant 

 as a rangeland pest, and occasionally it attacks crops, but it is not 

 of major importance. Information from the Bozeman, Mont., lab- 

 oratory of the Entomology Research Division, U. S. Department of 

 Agriculture, indicates that this is one of the important grasshoppers 

 in the Targhee National Forest, Fremont Co., Idaho, and the Bridger 

 National Forest, Wyo. It is reported to have been the dominant 

 grasshopper in 1952 in the northern Cariboo and the Prince George 

 Districts of British Columbia (Canad. Insect Pest Rev., vol. 30, 

 p. 307, 1952; Neilson, 1953), as well as injuring alfalfa, grain, and 

 vegetable gardens in northern Saskatchewan (Canad. Insect Pest 

 Rev., vol. 30, p. 150, 1952). 



Buckell (1921) characterized borealis in the Chilcotin District of 

 British Columbia as an humicolous hygrophile, an "inhabitant of the 

 taU rank vegetation beneath birch and willow on the borders of 

 streams." He found it a sluggish, richly colored insect. Tolerance 

 for a variety of habitats is shown by W. J. Brown's experience (in 

 litt., Mar. 1, 1949) of collecting it at Churchill, Manitoba, in areas 

 supporting trees, though at Reindeer Depot he collected it on gently 



