476 Miscellaneous. 
In a very partial degree there may be found in man glandular 
structures which are comparable to these, with extra-glandular 
papillary protuberances; we may mention the glands of the cervix 
uteri (Cornil) and those of the prostate (Regnauld). 
The cells vary according to the glands. We have stated that the 
existence of serous glands was demonstrated by M. Ranvier. As a 
general rule, the smallest glandules, those which are utricular, are 
clothed with very narrow and greatly elongated caliciform cells, 
comparable to the elements of the cutaneous mucous glands of the 
frog. The glands of large size, which are situated at the base of 
the tongue and in the pharyngeal commissure, present a very 
granular appearance after being treated with hematoxylin; some 
are even opaque and fatty after being mounted in glycerine. We 
have shown in another paper * that it was possible to prove the 
mingling of aqueous and fatty secretions in the cutaneous glands of 
birds. It is therefore not surprising that we should meet with this 
fact again in a dermo-mucous gland. 
But this analogy with the sebaceous glands ceases if we consider 
the excretory ducts. These are, as a matter of fact, clothed with a 
cubic epithelium, which continues through the layers of the epithelium 
of the mucous membrane, which are always very thick. The cells 
composing this epithelial lining are longitudinally striated, as in 
mammals, but their cytoplasm is much more opaque. ‘The ducts are 
very wide and not infrequently exhibit papillary protuberances. 
They finally open with bell-shaped mouths at the bottom of the 
folds of the mucous membrane. ‘The contents of the ducts are 
chiefly composed of desquamated cells, forming granular masses 
which fix the reagents and have not the characters of a mucous 
secretion, although the cells with which the glandular villi are 
loaded are almost all ovoid and caliciform. 
The salivary glands of birds have therefore a special form, and 
their cells appear to be charged with very complex functions, since 
they secrete mucus, ferments, and fatty bodies. 
Summary of results —1. Salivary glands are abundant in birds, 
although concealed beneath the mucous membrane. 
2. We must cease to class them according to the characters of 
the salivary glands of mammals, and on the contrary compare them 
with the glands of the lower vertebrates, as has already been stated 
to be necessary by Wiedersheim and M. Ranvier. 
3. The type of the salivary glands is entirely similar to the 
general type of glands in birds, which is very peculiar, of which the 
structure, like the morphology, enables us to compare it with that 
of reptiles, while removing it from that of mammals. Herein we 
have a confirmation from the standpoint of general anatomy of 
the resemblances long since established by zoologists between birds 
and reptiles.—Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de la 
Société de Biologie, 9° sér. t. v. no. 12, March 31, 1893, pp. 849-— 
352. 
* A. Pilliet, “Note sur la elande sébacée des oiseaux et sur le type 
glandulaire dans cette classe de Vertébrés,” Société Zoologique de France, 
June 1], 1889. 
