30 



Middeiidorff found naked young of the Siberian forai, P. infaustiis sibericus 

 (Bodd.), on April 16, so that the eggs must have been laid at the end of 

 March. Incubation begins as soon as the first egg is laid, and the bird 

 sits so closely that she is frequently Ufted from the eggs by the Lapps, 

 The young leave the nest at the end of May or early in June. There is 

 some evidence that a second brood is occasionally reared, and Printz found 

 small young on July 15. 

 Measure- Average size of 100 eggs (42 Rey, 34 Jourdain and 24 Sandman) 



«ents. 30.04 X 21.84 mm., Max. 34 X 21.6 and 30.6 X 23.6 mm., Min. 27 X 26 mm. 

 Average weight (42 eggs) 400 mg. (Rey): of 16 eggs, 381.5 mg.. varying 

 from 350 to 440 mg. (Westerlund). 



11. Chough, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax (L.). 



Plate 2, fig. 8—11 (Granada, 1. V. 1894); Plate 26, fig. 2 (Galway, 

 21. V. 92), fig. 3 (Waterford, 21. V. 83). 



Eggs: Thienemann, Fortpfl., Tab. XLI, fig. 3. Hewitson, I. Ed. I, 

 pi. CXH; II. Ed. I, pi. XL VII. fig. 2; III. Ed. I, pi. LVL Baedeker, Tab. 28, 

 fig. 2. Seebohm, Br. Birds, pi. 16; id. Col. Fig., pi. 55. Frohawk, Br. 

 Birds, pL VI, fig. 214—215. 



British Local Names: England: Cornish Chough or Daw, Red- 

 legged Crow or Chough, Cornwall Kae, Market-jew Crow, Chauk Daiv. 

 Cornish: Palores. Welsh: Bran big coch. Manx: Caaig. Ireland: Bed 

 legged Jackdaw (North), Cliff Daw (South). Erse: Cawg, Cawdhoge. Scot- 

 land: St Columba's Bird (lona). Gaelic: Caag. 



Foreign Names: Bohemia: Kavce svatlave. France; Crave ordinaire, 

 Choucas rouge, Corneille royale or imperiale. Germany: Steinkrahe, Alpenkrdhe. 

 Hungary: Havasi Hollo. Italy: Gracchio corallino, Coracia di montagna, 

 Gracco, Taccola del bech ross. Poland: Wrbnczyk czerwmiodzibby, Tyz. 

 Portugal: Gralha di bico vermelho. Russia: Kluschitza, Bortevschik. Spain: 

 Graja, CJiova, Jucala, Gralla de bech vermeil. Tyrol: Cornagia del piz cotocteu. 



P. graculus L. Dresser, Birds of Europe, IV, p. 437; Newton, ed. 

 Yarrell, II, p. 252; Saunders, Man., p. 231; Dresser, Man. PaL Birds, p. 405. 

 P. pyrrhocorax (L.). Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, p. 35. 



Breeding Range; On the islands in the Mediterranean, and parts 

 of Spain, Portugal, Brittany, the Channel Isles, S. W. England, Wales, 

 W. Scotland, Ireland, the principal mountain ranges of Europe (Alps, 

 Pyrenees, Apennines, Caucasus, etc.), Italy and the Balkan peninsula. [Also 

 N. Africa, and Asia from Asia Minor to E. Siberia.] 

 British In England and Wales there has been a marked diminution in the 



Isles, numbers of this species of late years, and many weU-known breeding haunts 

 are now deserted. The only part of England where it stiU breeds is the 



