11 



4. Hook, Corvus frugilegus L. 



Plate 4, fig. 1 — 7 (Germany); Plate 41, fig. 3 (Red var., Gliicksburg 

 April 1896, von Wangelin). 



Eggs: Thienemann, Portpfl., Tab. XL, fig. 2, a — e. Hewitson, I. Ed. I, 

 pi. LXXI; n. Ed. I, pi. L, fig. 1; III. Ed. I, pi. LIX. Baedeker, Tab. 28, 

 fig. 5. Seebohm, Br. Birds, pi. 16; id. Col. Fig., pi. 55. Frohawk, Br. 

 Birds, pi. VII, fig. 241—244. 



Nest: 0. Lee, IE. p. 90,92. 



British Local Names: England: Croiv, Bare- or Bald-faced Croiv. 

 Welsh: Tdfran or Ydfrim. Gaelic: Greumhacli-Rocus. Shetlands: Scotch 

 Craa. Erse: Pray-ach-aafi (phonetic). 



Foreign l^ames: Bohemia.: Havranpohii. Bosnia: (ra wan. Denmark: 

 Kmmh'age, Blaaraage. Faeroes: Hjaltlandshraalm (q^), Hjaltlandskraka ( $ ). 

 Finland: Pieni korppi, Peltovaris. France: Corheau Freux, Freux, Oraille. 

 Germany: Saat-, Feld- or Steinkriilie, Nacktschndbel, Pock. Greece: Chaharoni. 

 Helgoland: Groot swart Kauk. Holland: Poek, Korenkraai, Zaadkraai. 

 Hungary: Vetesi varju. Italy: Corvo reale or nero, Corhatt. Luxemburg: 

 Hierschtkuoh. Malta: Corvu. Norway: Blaakraake. Poland: Krukgawron. 

 Portugal: Oralha calva. Russia: Gratsch. Sardinia: Coroga niedda, Corhn. 

 Spain: Corneja calva, Graula, Grajo. Sweden: Pdka, Svartkrdka, Paiik. 



Corvus frugilegiis L. Dresser, Birds of Europe, IV, p. 551; Newton, 

 ed. Yarrell, II, p. 289; Saunders, Manual, p. 247; Dresser, Man. Pal. Birds, 

 p. 426. C. frugilegus frugilegiis L. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, p. 13. 



Breeding Range: The British Isles, Orkney, South Sweden, Denmark, 

 South Finland and Russia generally from Archangel to the Caucasus, 

 Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, Austo-Hungary, North Italy and the 

 Danube valley, pn North Persia, Turkestan and southwest Siberia it is 

 replaced by C. f. tschusii.'] 



Rookeries are to be found in plenty in all wooded districts of Eng- British 

 land, Wales, the Isle of Man, Ireland, and Scotland: but those in Sutherland, ^^'^^• 

 West Ross and Cromarty have only been formed within the last forty 

 years. In the Orkneys colonies have been established since 1848, but a 

 lodgment has not yet been effected on the Shetlands. On the west coast, 

 Islay has been inhabited since 1820, while Eigg (1886), Skye (circa 1870) 

 and the Outer Hebrides (1895) have been colonized of late years. 



Where tall trees are available, even in large towns, they are generally 

 used for nesting places. No particular preference appears to be shown 

 for any one species of tree, but the majority of English rookeries are 

 naturally built in deciduous trees, although evergreens, such as the Scotch 

 fir and spruce, are also occasionally utilized. In treeless districts, such as 

 the West of Ireland, many rookeries are built on low bushes on islets in 



