Tscliernaja Worona. Spain: Corneja negra, Oraja, Corhatilla. Sweden: 

 Svart Kraka. 



Corvus corone L. Dresser, Birds of Europe, IV, p. 531; Newton, ed. 

 Yarrell, 11, p. 274; Saunders, Man. p. 243; Dresser, Man. of Pal. Birds, 

 p. 421. C. corone corone L. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, p. 11, 



Breeding Range: England, southern Scotland, France, Portugal, 

 Spain, Italy, Switzerland, Belgium, Holland, western Germany, Bohemia, 

 parts of Austria and European Russia. 



Except where kept down in numbers by strict game preservation, this British 

 bird is still tolerably plentiful in England, and even more so in the wilder ^s^^^- 

 parts of Wales. Its distribution in Scotland is peculiar and has not been 

 thoroughly worked out. Though commoner in the south, it occurs locally 

 over the greater part of the country, a few pairs nesting even in West Ross. 

 In the Isle of Man, the Hebrides, Orkneys and Shetlands it is however 

 replaced by C. cornix. On the mainland interbreeding between the two 

 species frequently takes place. In Ireland this species only occurs very rarely. 

 The nest is generally built high up in trees, but among the Welsh hills it is 

 not uncommonly found in mere bushes on the hill sides. On the Yorkshire, 

 Somerset, and Devon coasts it is occasionally met with on the cliffs, and 

 on the rocky and treeless coasts of north Anglesea and Cornwall this appears 

 to be the usual site {Zool. 1904, p. 11). A pair nested on the ground in 

 the Fames in 1832 according to Hewitson. 



In southern Spain it is decidedly rare, but even here a few pairs ^^^' 



„ . . . tinental 



breed in the sierras, while in Portugal and northern Spam it is more numerous. Europe. 

 Throughout France and the Low Countries it is generally distributed, and 

 in some parts of Friesland is extraordinarily common. Von Homeyer 

 records a nest from Majorca {Journ. f, Ornith. 1862, p. 252) and Wharton 

 from Corsica {Ibis 1876, p, 24). For the distribution of this species in 

 Germany see article on C. cornice, p. 6. (Cf. also Diederich, Jahresher. d. 

 Gesellsch. von Freund. d. Naturwissenscli. in Gera, 1884 — 1888). J. Thiene- 

 niann states however that C. corone is the prevalent species in west Schleswig, 

 the north Frisian islands and the greater part of Holstein, excepting the 

 Oldenburg district and Fehmern. It is a common resident in Switzerland and 

 is found in north Italy, breeding in the highlands of Piedmont, Liguria, 

 Lombardy and Venetia, but rarely south of the Apennines. The accounts of 

 its distribution in Austro-Hungary and the Balkan peninsula are conflicting 

 and there appears to have been some confusion between this species and 

 C, frugilegus. It probably occurs in Bohemia, Moravia, Lower Austria and 

 abundantly in the Tyrol, but was not recorded with certainty from Hungary 

 till 1896, and Reiser regards it as absent from the Balkan peninsula, 

 though found in certain districts of European Russia (Orel, Kazan, Kiev 

 and the Caucasus.) 



