144 



it is also common in all the wooded parts of the country, and is found in 

 smaller numbers on the bare hillsides of N. Wales up to about 1500 ft. 

 (Forrest). It is rare in Anglesea and absent from the Isle of Man. In 

 Scotland it is less numerous, except perhaps in the S. W., but exists 

 sporadically in suitable spots along the W. coast to Assynt. It is of course 

 not found on the higher mountains, but is common in Inverness, and was 

 found breeding in E. Sutherland in 1875 by Buckley, for the first time. 

 In the Orkneys it has been only once noticed in summer, and is absent 

 from the Hebrides. In Ireland it is not known to breed, and is also absent 

 from the Fseroes and Iceland. 

 Con- In Spain the Tree Pipit is found locally N. of the Cantabrian Mountains 



hnentai ^g^ntander. Ibis, 1883, p. 184), a fact which seems to have been overlooked 

 by most writers. In the Pyrenees it is scarce, but throughout the whole 

 of central Europe it is found wherever the country is sufficiently wooded, 

 breeding in the Alps in some cases as high as the limits of tree growth. 

 In Italy it is confined to the uplands of the northern provinces and the Po 

 valley, and in the Balkan peninsula it breeds commonly in Rumania and 

 Bulgaria, not only in the plains, but also in the mountains to far beyond 

 the tree limit, nesting in company with the Alpine Pipit at a height of 

 about 5100 ft. South of the Balkans it appears to be found only on 

 migration, but in Russia it breeds in the Crimea, and in the Caucasus not 

 only in the forest, but also in the subalpine zone, beyond the tree limit. 

 In the north it is found commonly in the wooded parts of Norway up to 

 lat. 69°, and in Finnish Lapland its range extends to Enare, while in the 

 Kola peninsula a few occurrences have been reported from the Kandalax 

 district, and in the Petschora valley it was observed by Seebohm at Ust- 

 Tsilma (lat. 66°). 



Nest. In the British Isles the nest is found in hedge banks, meadows, parks, 



rough pasture, the outskirts of woods, and occasionally in plantations Avhere 

 there is not much undergrowth. Another favourite spot is on the side 

 of a railway cutting or embankment. Generally the nest is placed within 

 a short distance of a tree or bush, but occasionally at some considerable 

 distance from anything of the kind, and it is said to be sometimes placed 

 in cornfields. It is built in a small hollow, generally sheltered by a tussock, 

 and consists of dead grasses, stalks, moss, etc., lined with finer grasses and 

 sometimes, but not always, with horsehair. Von Mojsisovic asserts that 

 in Hungary it is frequently found in reed beds! Diameter of cup 2\ — 2f in., 

 depth li— If in. 



Eggs. The number of eggs laid varies according to locality from 4 to 6 as 



a rule. In Northumberland and Durham about 30 per cent of the nests 

 contain 6 eggs, and it is comparatively rare to find 4 only; while in 

 S. Derbyshire the normal set consists of 5, often 4, but rarely 6. Instances 



