147 



Foreign Names: Bohemia: LindusJca lucni. Denmark: Eng- Fiber. 

 Finland: Heindkirvinen. France: Pipi des pres. Germany: Wiesenpieper. 

 Holland: Oraspieper. Hungary: Reti Pipis. Iceland: Grdtitlingur. Italy: 

 Pispola. Lapland: Cici-cicas. Norway: Engpiplaerke. Poland: Swiergotek 

 laczny. Portugal: Petinha. Russia: Lugovoi konek. Sweden: Angpiplcirka. 

 Spain: Cinceta. 



Anthus pratensis L. Newton, ed. Yarrell, I, p. 575; Dresser, Birds 

 of Europe, UI, p. 285; id. Man. Pal. Birds, p. 210; Saunders, Man., p. 133; 

 Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, p. 275. 



Breeding Range: Iceland, the Faeroes, the British Isles, and Con- 

 tinental Europe, but absent from the Iberian peninsula, the Mediterranean 

 Islands, and the Balkan peninsula, and rare in S. Italy. [Also Siberia (valley 

 of the Ob) and Turkestan.] 



In Great Britain this bird is very generally distributed throughout most British 

 of the open country,* avoiding only the thickly wooded and highly cultivated ^^^®^' 

 parts, and is equally at home in the marshes by the sea shore and on the 

 high moorlands some thousands of feet above the sea. It is also found in 

 nearly all the islands round our coasts, including the Isle of Man, the Hebrides, 

 Orkneys, Shetlands, etc., and has even been recognized on S. Kilda. In 

 Ireland it is also common and general. 



Besides being common on the Faeroes and found in Iceland up to Con- 

 the limits of plant growth, it is found on suitable QTOund throughout the ^°^'^*^^ 



, ~ ° Europe. 



greater part of the Continent. In Scandinavia it occurs chiefly on the fjeld 

 above the coniferous belt in the S., but in the N. is met with at all heights, 

 up to the N. Cape, and is found in Finland commonly as far as N. Lap- 

 land. In N. Russia its range extends to the Archangel government, where 

 it is common on the Murman coast and has been found nestinsr at the 

 mouth of the Petschora, but does not breed on Kolguev or Novaya Zemlya. 

 Over the great European plain it is generally distributed where the country 

 is suited to it, but its breeding range does not extend to the Iberian 

 peninsula, where it is only known as a winter visitor. It is also scarce 

 in the south of France, and though a few pairs remain to breed on high 

 ground even in the southern provinces of Italy, it is chiefly found on double 

 passage. In the mountain ranges of central Europe it has been found 

 nesting at a height of over 3000 ft. Formerly a few pairs were supposed 

 to breed in the mountains of the Balkan peninsula, but later observations 

 show that it only occurs there on passage. It is known to nest in the 

 Carpathians, but probably only occurs on migration in S. Russia. [East 

 of the Urals it is found in W. Siberia as far as the Ob vaUey and 



* It is however unaccountably rare or altogether absent in some districts, 

 such as Oxfordshire (0. V. Aplin). 



10^^ 



