tinental 

 Europe. 



174 



size between British and German eggs. Average weight of 20 eggs, 

 63 mg. Six full eggs weigh on an average 1,178 g. (Foster). 



b. North European Tree Creeper, C. familiaris familiaris L. 



Egg: Taczanowski, Tab. LXXX, fig. 2. 



Foreign Names: Finland: Puukilpija. Germany: Baumlaufer. 

 Norway: Traekryher. Poland: Pehacz zashornik. Russia: Fischzucha 

 Swertschok. Sweden: Tradkrypare. 



Certhia familiaris L. Dresser, tt. c. (part.) C. familiaris familiaris 

 L. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna, p. 317. 



Breeding Range: Scandinavia, Russia, Poland, E. Germany, and 

 Rumania. [Also across N. Asia.] 

 Con- In Norway this race is found in the coniferous woods as far north 



as Trondhjems fjord, while in Sweden it was found breeding in Lycksele 

 Lappmark (Westerbotten) in 1896. It northern breeding limit in the 

 peninsula is therefore about lat. 65°, but on the mainland it appears to 

 have a more restricted range. In Finland it is generally distributed, 

 and is common at Kuopio: in the Olonetz government Meves observed 

 it at Kargopol etc: Mejakoff records it from Wologda, and Sabanaeff 

 from the Urals as far as Pavada: southward it appears to be generally 

 distributed in the forests of the Baltic Provinces and Central and Southern 

 Russia, as far as the N. Caucasus, Prussia, Poland and Rumania. West 

 of the Oder and the Carpathians it is replaced by the next form, C. f. 

 macrododyla. 



Nest. In breeding habits it resembles C. f. hrittanica, but in nests from 



the N. the paper like outer bark of the birch is much used as building 

 material, and hair is said to be found in the lining as well as feathers 

 and wool. 



Eggs. Generally 6 in number. 



Breeding Thc first cggs arc laid from about mid April in Scandinavia, and 



Season. ^^^^^ ^^ ^/^^^^ ^^ ^-^^ Baltic Proviuccs : the eggs of the second brood 

 being deposited in the latter half of June or early July. 



Measure- Avcragc of 26 eggs (18 from Sweden by Ottosson and 8 from 



Sweden and Esthonia by the writer) 15.52x12.9 mm.. Max 17.1 x; 12.3 

 and 15.5x12.6; Min., 15x12 and 16x11.8 mm. Average weight 

 of 18 eggs, 59 mg. (Ottosson). 



c. Long: toed Tree Creeper, C. familiaris macrodactyla Brehm 



Plate 20, fig. 21—24 (Saxony). 



Eggs: Thienemann, Fortpfl. Tab. XVII, fig. 10, a — c. Baedeker, 

 Tab. 43, fig. 2,4. (probably this race). 



ments. 



