184 



race, except that Radde describes it as a not very numerous resident, 

 haunting the lower deciduous forest region, but occurring also in the birch 

 forest up to nearly 6000 ft. Two nests with eggs were found near 

 Lenkoran on May 7. 



[Other allied forms are found in Asia Minor and "W. Palestine, 

 (5. europaea levantina Hart.), and in the oak forests of S. W. Pessia 

 (S. europaea persica Witherby)]. 



d. Scandinavian or Northern Nuthatch, S. enropaea enropaea L. 



Eggs: Baedeker, Tab. 43, fig. 7: Dresser, pi. — , fig. 13. 

 Foreign Names: Finland: Pahkinanakkeli. Norway: Spetmeise 

 Nodvakke. Russia: Fopolsen. Sweden: Notvacka. 



Sitta europaea L. Dresser, Birds of Europe, III, p. 169 and Man. Pal. 

 Birds, p. 186. S. europaea europaea L. Hartert, Vog. Pal. Fauna p. 329. 

 Breeding Range: Scandinavia, the Danish Isles and N. Russia. 

 Con- In S. Norway it is tolerably common in tracts of deciduous wood- 



tinentai \q^^^ as far as the highest limits of the hazel and oak, as well as among 

 the birch forests on the west coast, and up to the Gudbrandsdal, south 

 of the Dovrefjeld. In Sweden it is generally distributed, but nowhere 

 very common, in the South up to about lat. 61°; and is also found in 

 Gotland, and in small numbers on Oland. In Denmark it is common 

 on Zealand, Laaland and Falster, and is said to occur also on Fiinen. 

 In Russia it is absent from Finland, but is said to have bred near Arch- 

 angel and to be not uncommon in the Vologda Government. Birds from near 

 Moscow are also described as having pure white underparts, but the limits 

 of this and the next form in E. Europe are not exactly known. 

 Nest etc. Apparently similar to that of other races. The eggs number 6 to 



8 as a rule, sometimes 9, while clutches of 10 have occasionally been met 

 with. They resemble those of other races. 

 Breeding In Denmark full clutches may be obtained from April 25 to late in May, 



Season, ^nd about the same time in S. Sweden, but not till May in Norway. 

 Measure- Avcrago sizc of 52 cggs (22 by Ottosson, 26 by the writer, and 



'"'°*'- 4 by Rey), 20.03x14.92 mm. Max. 21.3x15.2 and 21.1x15.3, 

 Min. 18.7 X 14.5 and 19.8 X 14.2. Average weight of 22 eggs, 134 mg. 

 (Ottosson, in litt.). The eggs of this form, though individually indistin- 

 guishable, appear on an average to be slightly larger than those of S. e. 

 coesia or hritannica. 



e. Homeyer's Nuthatch, S. europaea homeyeri Hart. 



8. europaea homeyeri Hart. Hartert, Vogl. Pal. Fauna, p. 330. 

 Breeding Range: E. Prussia, Russian Baltic Provinces, Poland, 

 Galicia, (? Crimea). 



