92 Miscellaneous. 
and a Ctenophore (pl. ili. fig. 25) with its lateral tubes on the 
sides of the digestive cavity (g), leading into the chymiferous 
pouches (w), branching into the chymiferous tube. The cceliac 
openings (pl. i. fig. 45, ea) of the funnel he looks upon as repre- 
senting the madreporic body, while I look upon them as the anal 
openings. In this view of the case, the Ctenophore is rather more 
in the embryonic condition of the Echinoderm larva, when the 
actinostome leading into the digestive cavity should perform at the 
same time the function of mouth and anus, which it occasionally 
does, although at other times the cceliac opening of the funnel seems 
to be the true anal opening, while, according to Metschnikoff, it is 
the madreporic body which performs the part of an anal opening. 
He says it only acts to introduce water into the system, which is 
contrary to my observations. 
I may here recall former statements* concerning the affinities of 
the Ctenophora, when describing some of the younger stages. It 
could only be after a careful comparison of Ctenophorous and 
Echinoderm embryos that undoubted evidence of their identity of 
plan might be obtained. The Ctenophora retain the permanently 
embryonic features of Echinoderm embryos, in which the water- 
system is still connected with the digestive cavity. The formation 
of a funnel as a sort of alimentary canal, opening externally through 
the cceliac apertures at the abactinal pole, corresponds to the exist- 
ence of a short alimentary canal in Echinoderm larve. The Cteno- 
phora are, from their embryology, more closely related to the Echino- 
derms than to the other Acalephs; and it seems natural to separate 
the Acalephs into two orders—the Ctenophora, characterized by the 
presence of locomotive flappers, and the Meduside, including the 
Discophora and Hydroids.—From the Memoirs of the American 
Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. x. no. ii1., August 1874. 
Notice of Papers on Embryology by A. Kowalevsky. By A. AGassiz, 
A. Kowaleysky has published, unfortunately in Russian, two 
capital papers on embryology. The one continues the investigations 
he had been carrying on regarding the existence of an ectoderm and 
entoderm layer in the early embryonic stages of Invertebrates. In 
the present paper he has given a summary of the early stages of a 
Campanularia, confirming the observations of Wright and A. Agassiz. 
For Rhizostoma and Cassiopea he shows that the digestive cavity is 
formed by the invagination of the ectoderm. This is contrary to 
the results of previous observers, except Schneider. For Pelagia he 
shows a direct development from the egg remarkably similar to 
that of the Geryonide as we know it from Hiickel, Fol, and Metsch- 
nikoff. He adds nothing to the embryology of Actinia not 
already known from the magnificent monograph of Lacaze-Duthiers. 
He then passes on to the development of Aleyonium, of which he 
gives an extremely interesting sketch supplemented by fragments 
on the embryology of Astrwa, Gorgonia, and Cerianthus: the deve- 
lopment of the latter is strikingly similar to that of Edwardsia, as 
we know it during its passage from Arachnactis to Edwardsia. He 
* Alexander Agassiz, Hl. Cat. M.C. Z. no. 2, p. 12, 1865. 
