Miscellaneous. 93 
has added a few observations on the earlier embryonic stages of 
Eschscholtzia, Beroé, and Eucharis, completing deficiencies in his 
earlier papers on the embryology of Ctenophora. These supple- 
mentary observations agree completely with the observations of 
A. Agassiz on the embryology of Ctenophora. 
The second memoir is a very complete history of the development 
of Brachiopods, strikingly in accordance with the views of Steenstrup 
and of Morse on the affinities of Brachiopods with Annelids. The 
homology between the early embryonic stages of Argiope and well- 
known Annelid larve is most remarkable; and the resemblance 
between some of the stages of Argiope figured by Kowaleysky and 
the corresponding stages of growth of the so-called Lovén type of 
development among Annelids is complete. The number of segments 
is less; but otherwise the main structural features show a closeness 
of agreement which will make it difficult for conchologists hereafter 
to claim Brachiopods as their special property. The identity in 
the ulterior mode of growth between the embryo of Argiope and of 
Balanoglossus in the Tornaria-stage is still more striking: we can 
follow the changes undergone by Argiope while it passes through its 
Tornaria-stage (if we may so call it) and becomes gradually, by a 
mere modification of the topography of its organs, transformed into 
a minute pedunculated Brachiopod differing as far from the Tornaria- 
stage of Argiope as the young Balanoglossus differs from the free- 
swimming Zornaria. In fact, the whole development of Argiope is 
a remarkable combination of the Lovén and of the Tornaria types of 
development among Worms. His paper also includes the history of 
a less vermiform type of development, that of Thecidium and of 
Tercbratula, in which the observations of Kowalevsky fully agree 
with the previous well-known memoir of Lacaze-Duthiers on 
Theeidium, and of Morse on Terebratulina. It is not out of place 
to recall the very ungenerous treatment which Morse received at 
the hands of many conchologists for the heresies of his papers on 
the systematic position of Brachiopoda; and it certainly is a 
striking proof of the sagacity of Morse, to have announced so posi- 
tively, from the history of the American Brachiopods alone, the 
vermiform affinities of Brachiopods, now so conclusively proved by 
the development of Argiope in Kowalevsky’s paper. 
The close relationship between Brachiopods and Bryozoa cannot 
be more fully demonstrated than by the beautiful drawings on 
pl. v. of Kowalevsky’s history of Thecidium. We shall now have 
at least a rational explanation of the homologies of Brachiopods, 
and the transition from such types as Pedicellina to Membrani- 
pora and other incrusting Bryozoa is readily explained from the 
embryology of Thecidium. In fact, all incrusting Bryozoa are only 
communities of Brachiopods the valves of which are continuous and 
soldered together, the flat valve forming a united floor, while the 
convex valve does not cover the ventral valve, but leaves an open- 
ing more or less ornamented for the extension of the lophophore*. 
—NSilliman’s American Journal, Dec. 1874. 
* Mr. B. P. Mann translated for me the explanation of the plates of the 
two memoirs of Kowaleysky. 
