Bibliographical Notices. 151 
shell of Pectunculus (like P. violaceus and P. glycymeris), smoothed 
down, and bored at the umbo. In short, says H. Karsten, we found 
nearly, if not quite, the same conditions as described by De Taillefer 
and Saussure (‘Archives Se. Phys. Nat.’ 1870) at Veyrier and Ville- 
neuve on the Lake of Geneva, and by Von Fraas at Schussenreid, 
and quite the same objects, only more sparingly, as were found close 
by on the south-east side of the Reyath, near Thayingen* (‘ Neues 
Jahrbuch fiir Min. Geol. u. Paliont.’ 1874, pp. 265-268). As at 
the places mentioned, and at many others worked out in the Depart- 
ment of Dordogne and in Belgium, the remains of human households 
are found in this so-called civilization-bed (Culturschicht), without 
any trace of pottery, under turf-, tuff-, and breccia-deposits, so at 
the Rosenhalde this bed yields no evidence at all of the existence 
and use of cooking-vessels. From the entrance nearly to the middle 
of the cave this bed was streaked grey and black, and contained a 
larger proportion of flint knives; and some charcoal, burnt bones, 
and flat pieces of limestone and sandstone, burnt red, here clearly 
indicated a fireplace or hearth. At the left side, towards which the 
beds gently sloped, the implements and chips were particularly 
abundant. The boundary between this implement-bed (1 foot thick 
on an average) and the loam beneath is not definite; and probably 
the early cave-dwellers here trod many of their refuse things into 
the loam softened in rainy weather by drip-water. 
4. This lower loam, brownish yellow in colour, was very thin in the 
back part, and about a foot thick in the fore part of the cave. It 
had none of the small angular limestone fragments, but contained 
numerous irregularly shaped nodules, rough to the touch, and mostly 
penetrated by crystalline veins. Together with flints and small 
nodules of Bohnerz (concretionary oxide of iron), these nodules 
occur of all sizes, and belong apparently to the same category as 
some very large blocks (one measuring half a cubic metre) which 
were noticeable in the upper beds. The flint nodules have a white 
chalk-lke crust, as much as 4 lines thick. Some fragmentary bones 
and molar teeth of Mammoth found in the cave appear to have come 
from this bed, if, indeed, they do not belong to the lowest part of the 
bed with flint knives and reindeer-bones. 
5. In the back part of the cave, under the loam was a local deposit 
of tough white clay, without bones or stones, similar to the mamma- 
liferous fire-clay and pottery-clay on the top of the Reyath. 
Among the several subjects of interest discussed in this memoir, 
the author gives his reasons for believing that the cave-folk were 
cannibals, on account of the split marrow-bones and the peculiarly 
fractured condition of a piece of human skull found at the Rosen- 
halde—thus accepting the conclusions arrived at by Spring studying 
the Chavaux cave, by Jarrigou on the eave near Montesquieu- 
Avantes, and by Virchow (Address, ‘ Naturf. Ver. Wiesbaden,’ 1873). 
Remarks also on the probable history of the several deposits, com- 
parisons of the contents of the Rosenhalde cave with those of the 
* See also above, p. 148. 
