Ilahits of certain Bornean Butterflies. 211 



N.acaduba. Biduai.da, 



Lampides. Naiathura, 



Papii^ionid^. 



None. 



riESPERlID.15. 



None. 



All the other genera and many species of those enumerated 

 delight either in the sunshine or the shady forest edges, forest 

 paths, or clearings, where tlie light is stronger thau in the 

 forest depths and where sunshine is close at hand. Occa- 

 sionally Ornithoptera and Ilestia make excursions into the 

 jungle ; but their haunts are the forest by the river-sides. 

 Euthalia and Tancecia are still more frequent explorers of 

 the forest depths, but they chiefly afi'ect the more open places. 

 Other genera are not unfrequently observed, bat they arc 

 stragglers. 



The most plentiful butterflies in the forest are the blues and 

 purples, which frequent the higher undergrowtli and have a 

 strong tendency to settle in the middle of leaves which turn 

 their upper surface horizontally. The purples perhaps, such 

 as Narathia-a, are more arboreal than the blues and fly higher, 

 even up to 60 feet ; but as a rale the forest butterflies keep 

 pretty low down. 



Jt has been suggested that the rarity of butterflies in the 

 deep forest shade is more apparent than real and that the 

 mass of the individuals are high overhead on the tree-tops. 

 This is certainly not the case in North Borneo, fori have had 

 ample and unusual opportunities of seeing over the forest. 

 Some of the mountains, about 3000 feet high, run up in long 

 ridges and terminate in a pinnacle, and on several occasions 

 their summits were chosen as stations for getting bearings 

 during jungle surveys. The trees on the summit were felled 

 and a station rigged up, upon which the observer more than 

 once sat from dawn to dusk for days together. The tree-tops 

 were all around and insects as easily seen as when down 

 below. In every case butterflies were rarer than on the river- 

 banks below. The only species at all common were small 

 blues, and only now and then did others come sailing by. 

 Nowhere, even where trees were in flower, were butterflies 

 seen playing about in numbers, though swarms of bees, all 

 flying up the wind, were common, and wasps, flics, and 

 beetles were far from rare. 



