taken off the coast of Northumberland. ° 
form of valvulze conniventes extends to within 3 or 4 in. of the 
anus. A few inches below the end of the duodenum was observed 
a delicate and transparent, but large and crescentic, membranous 
valve projecting into the cavity of the intestine. There is no di- 
vision into large and small intestine unless the above valve point 
it out. No cecal appendage except to the stomach. The intes- 
tine contained nothing but a quantity of pancreatic secretion. 
Attached to the upper surface of that part of the intestine 
which is opposite to the pylorus is the spleen, fig. 382, ovoid in 
form, delicate and spongy in texture, 2 in. long by 3 in. broad, 
and of a very pale reddish brown colour. Large blood-vessels 
run along both the upper and lower borders of the intestine 
below the duodenum. 
The liver, figs. 2 & 37, is large, and extends 18 inches back- 
wards from the anterior end of the abdominal cavity lying below 
the cesophagus, somewhat pointed in front, and becoming more 
bulky towards the posterior end, where it is truncated diagonally 
from above downwards and forwards. 
The upper surface has a deep fissure partially dividing it into 
two unequal masses, the left being larger than the right; along 
this fissure run the hepatic and pancreatic blood-vessels ; the gall- 
bladder and the cystic duct lie also attached to it. 
The gall-bladder, fig. 37, about 5 in. long and 12 in. broad, is 
of an irregularly elliptical form, its long diameter corresponding 
nearly to the length of the fish ; the cystic duct comes off from 
its anterior end, and running backwards parallel to it and to the 
hepatic duct, joins the latter just before coming to the posterior 
border of the liver: the common duet, fig. 34, after this runs 
backwards among the lower appendices pyloric of the left side, 
and debouches into the duodenum on a small papilla upwards of 
an inch distant from the pylorus. The gall-bladder contains a 
small quantity of yellow olive-coloured bile. The texture of the 
liver is so soft and fragile that it cannot be preserved. 
The ovaria, figs. 2 & 37, lie directly above the stomach, are 
about 3 ft. 3 in. long, and extend forwards nearly as far as the 
middle of the liver. Their ends taper to points diverging slightly 
from each other; traced backwards they gradually increase in 
bulk to # inch in diameter at their middle; soon after this they 
diminish in size, become more closely connected, and unite at 
27 in. from their anterior points mto one body, which tapers 
gradually to % im. in diameter, and then curving downwards to 
the external orifice on the right side of the stomachic ceecum be- 
comes rapidly smaller, and opens behind the intestine. On lay- 
ing open the common tube or oviduct it is found for 2 or 3 in. 
from the orifice quite plain ; above this, longitudinal folds of the 
lining membrane appear small and irregular at first, but soon 
