Bovine Animals of Scandinavia. 257 
of grass: they often devour green leaves and young tender 
branches, and these generally, besides the leaves of the pie and 
mosses, are their principal food during the winter im cold di- 
stricts. (1 am not here speaking of cattle that are housed.) They 
live like all ruminating animals (perhaps with the exception of 
the roe kind), and like their representatives among birds, viz. 
gallinaceous domestic fowls, in a state of polygamy ; and like 
these, congregate, particularly at pairmg-time, in flocks, when the 
forests resound and the fields echo with their loud cries. During 
this time, obstinate conflicts take place between the males, and 
the strongest are those which perpetuate the breed. Their cry 
is usually lowing, with some it is more grunting. They do not 
breed more than once a year, and the female seldom brings forth 
more than one calf at a time. 
Before showing from whence our domesticated races and those 
of other states of Europe are derived, I consider it more desirable 
first to describe the wild species, the fossil bones of which have 
been found in the turf-bogs in the south of Scania. These are 
divided into those which have— 
a. The forehead more long than broad, more or less flattened, 
the horns growing from the extremity of the angle which divides 
the vertex from the occiput ; the intermaxillary bone generally 
reaches up to the nasal bones. To this class belong— 
1. Uroxen (Bos Urus, Antiqu.* Bos primigenius, Recentiorum). 
we 
Bos primigenius, Recentiorum. 
The forehead flat; the edge of the neck straight, the horns 
* The denomination Urox is derived from that language which the Ger- 
