264 Prof. Nilsson on the extinct and existing 
my own eyes from a depth of 10 feet out of a turf-bog near to 
Onnarp in the district of Wemmenshég in the south of Scania. 
This skeleton affords an incontestable proof that the animal du- 
ring its lifetime was in contact with man: it has on its back a 
palpable mark of a wound from a javelin. Several celebrated 
anatomists and physiologists of the present day, among whom 
I need only mention the names of John Miiller of Berlm and 
And. Retzius of Stockholm, have inspected this skeleton, and are 
unanimous in the opinion, that this hole in question upon the 
backbone is the consequence of a wound which during the life 
of the animal was made by the hand of man, and therefore not 
the least doubt can remain on this subject im the mind of any 
competent judge who examines it. The animal must have been 
very young, probably only a calf, when it was wounded. The 
huntsman who cast the javelin must have stood before it. The 
javelin, which entered at an extremely acute angle (which proves 
a sharp-pointed instrument) on the external part near the edge 
on the projection of the first lumbar vertebra, has pierced the 
bone, passed out on the backward side, and pierced through the 
projection of the next bone. The weapon, which probably re- 
mained in the wound, had through suppuration ultimately fallen 
out. The side of the opening where the javelin entered is more 
round, surrounded by a callus, and in the inner part is a cavity 
which shows there had been a great suppuration (Ur-invan. tab. 
15. fig. 175). The opposite side of the aperture, which is more 
oblong in a vertical direction, and shows the form of the weapon, 
is surrounded by many projections of bone (Ur-inv. tab. 15. fig. 
176-177), which manifests that the animal lived at least one or 
two years after it had been wounded. It was yet young when it 
died, probably not more than three or four years old, and not un- 
likely was drowned by falling through the ice into the water, 
where in after-times a turf-bog has formed over it. The skeleton 
lay with its head downwards, and one of its horns had penetrated 
deep into the blue clay which formed the bottom under the turf. 
As it is thus practically shown that this species of Ox lived con- 
temporaneously with man, and as it is equally certaim that the 
same species of Ox lived here contemporaneously with the Rein- 
deer and Elk (some of their fossil remains being not unfrequently 
found together in our old turf-bogs) ; so it is more than proba- 
ble that these animals, namely the Wild Ox with the flat fore- 
head, the Reindeer and the Elk, also lived contemporaneously m 
Germany, from whence they evidently came hither: and this is 
so much the more certain, as bones of all three have also been 
dug up from turf-bogs in Pomerania. But now Julius Cesar re- 
lates (Bell. Gall. vi. 26-27), that among the animals which in his 
time were known and found contemporaneously in the Hereynian 
