290 Zoological Society. 
mestic Bull of the same age: the scrotum is rugous, sessile, not 
pendulous with a constricted neck, as in the Bos Taurus. 
As in most Ruminants, the principal viscus which presents itself 
on opening the abdomen, is the capacious paunch covered by the 
great omental sac: besides the paunch, some of the small intestines 
appeared in the right iliac and in the pubic regions. 
The paunch is firmly supported by its attachments on the dorsal 
aspect to the crura of the diaphragm and part of the expanded con- 
cavity of that muscle. The part of the serous membrane which 
answers to the aperture or mouth of the great omental sac in Man is 
attached to the upper and fore-part of the paunch, not to the lower 
or greater curvature, so that a free fold of the omentum is spread 
over the paunch between it and the abdominal muscles: the posterior 
fold of the omentum is attached to the left side or contour of the 
paunch, whence it is continued upon the fourth cavity, che duodenum 
and pancreas, and so on to the right crus of the diaphragm, forming 
one of the strong suspensory ligaments: the left lumbar attachment 
is continued more immediately from the long intra-abdominal ceso- 
phagus and back part of the paunch and reticulum. 
The paunch is sub-bifid, or divided into two principal chambers. 
The villi of its inner surface are intermediate in character between 
those of the common Ox and those of the American Bison. ‘The 
villi of the rumen of the Ox are comparatively large, coarse, flat- 
tened, but pointed, except near the reticulum, where they assume 
the form of laminz with irregular jagged margins. In the American 
Bison they are longer, and for the most part filiform, and conse- 
quently more numerous. In the Aurochs the villi are shorter than 
in the Bison, and broader, being compressed and clavate, terminating 
in an even rounded margin: they are smaller and more numerous 
than in the common Ox. The relative position, size, and mode of 
intercommunication of the four divisions of the ruminating stomach 
offer no noticeable differences from that of the common Ox: but 
the disposition of the lining membrane of the second cavity (reticu- 
lum or honeycomb-bag) offers as marked a difference as that noticed 
on the inner surface of the paunch. In the common Ox the cells of 
the reticulum are deeper than in any Ruminant excepting the Camel- 
tribe, and they are of two kinds in respect of their size: the larger 
cells are disposed between broad parallel septa, and are formed by 
narrower septa at right angles to these: the smaller cells are sub- 
divisions of the larger or primary cells. 
In the Bison only one kind of hexagonal cells can properly be re- 
cognized, and their walls are of equal depth as a general rule: the 
folds developed from the bottom of these cells are much narrower, 
shorter, and more irregular than those that mark out the secondary 
cells in the common Ox. The lamine of the third cavity (psalterium) 
are of two kinds, large and small; the larger kind presenting two 
sizes which alternate with one another; but between each of the 
broader or larger kind of lamine one of the smaller kind intervenes : 
their surfaces are papillose, but the papille are shorter than in the 
common Ox, which presents a similar arrangement of the laminz. 
eS 
